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Among the fundamental tasks in a chemical laboratory are the preparation of solutions and the dilution of existing ones. A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of at least …

In the past, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances were grouped under various terms such as per- and polyfluorinated chemicals, perfluorinated organic compounds, or highly fluorinated substances. In polyfluorinated alkyl substances, hydrogen …

Nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of the atmosphere. Liquid nitrogen is less commonly encountered in everyday life, yet it is a proven coolant with many advantages. It is relatively inexpensive, …

With a share of 6% of the total amount of all plastics produced, polyethylene terephthalate, or PET for short, is one of the most important representatives. Originally developed for fiber …

Sum parameters play an important role in the analysis of water samples from drinking water, surface water, groundwater, and wastewater, as well as sewage sludge. When determining sum parameters, a …

In the chemical laboratory, many standards must be observed, including those for standard ground joints on laboratory apparatus or glass containers. Standard ground joints ensure that glassware and vessels, such …

Where the history of chromatography begins remains uncertain. Nature itself performs the process: a chemical mixture separates into its individual components as it passes through an environment made of different …

Knowledge of a material’s hardness is indispensable for its proper application. In response to this need, hardness testing methods were developed, particularly over the course of the last century. However, …

During surgery, after an accident or in the case of a serious illness such as a COVID infection, mechanical ventilation may be required. Surgical procedures are often performed under general …

Without silicon, our modern daily life would look entirely different. It is found in every microchip but also in baking moulds, lubricants, cosmetics, and plastics: the element silicon. Silicon – …