{"id":16882,"date":"2025-09-05T08:15:27","date_gmt":"2025-09-05T06:15:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/?p=16882"},"modified":"2026-10-13T13:15:10","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T11:15:10","slug":"what-are-thermosets-properties-and-applications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-are-thermosets-properties-and-applications\/","title":{"rendered":"Thermosets: Properties and Applications of Thermoset Plastics"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-are-thermosets-properties-and-applications\/#What_Is_a_Thermoset\" title=\"What Is a Thermoset?\">What Is a Thermoset?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-are-thermosets-properties-and-applications\/#How_Thermosets_Are_Made\" title=\"How Thermosets Are Made\">How Thermosets Are Made<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-are-thermosets-properties-and-applications\/#Properties_of_Thermosets\" title=\"Properties of Thermosets\">Properties of Thermosets<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-are-thermosets-properties-and-applications\/#Applications_of_Thermosets\" title=\"Applications of Thermosets\">Applications of Thermosets<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-are-thermosets-properties-and-applications\/#Phenoplasts_%E2%80%93_The_First_Thermosetting_Plastics\" title=\"Phenoplasts \u2013 The First Thermosetting Plastics\">Phenoplasts \u2013 The First Thermosetting Plastics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-are-thermosets-properties-and-applications\/#Aminoplasts_%E2%80%93_The_Adhesives_of_the_Wood_Industry\" title=\"Aminoplasts \u2013 The Adhesives of the Wood Industry\">Aminoplasts \u2013 The Adhesives of the Wood Industry<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-are-thermosets-properties-and-applications\/#Epoxy_Resins_%E2%80%93_Versatile_Plastics\" title=\"Epoxy Resins \u2013 Versatile Plastics\">Epoxy Resins \u2013 Versatile Plastics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-are-thermosets-properties-and-applications\/#Unsaturated_Polyester_Resins\" title=\"Unsaturated Polyester Resins\">Unsaturated Polyester Resins<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-are-thermosets-properties-and-applications\/#Crosslinkable_Polyurethanes\" title=\"Crosslinkable Polyurethanes\">Crosslinkable Polyurethanes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The German term \u201cDuroplaste\u201d derives from the Latin \u201cdurus\u201d, meaning hard. English uses the name thermosets, which reflects how these plastics set permanently during curing. The international standard <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Organization_for_Standardization\"><strong>ISO<\/strong><\/a><strong> 472:2013, <em>Plastics \u2013 Vocabulary<\/em><\/strong>,<strong> provides the formal definition. Here, a thermoset is a \u201cplastic which, when cured by heat or other means, changes into a substantially infusible and insoluble product\u201d<sup>[1]<\/sup>. This guide covers the properties and applications of thermoset plastics.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_a_Thermoset\"><\/span>What Is a Thermoset?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Materials scientists divide plastics into three classes by structure and resulting properties: thermoplastics, elastomers and thermosets. Thermosets also go by the names thermosetting plastics and duromers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thermoplastics consist of linear or branched polymer chains with no chemical crosslinks between them. When heated, these chains slide past one another. This makes thermoplastics meltable and reversibly mouldable within a defined temperature range. The thermoplastics include the commodity plastic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubings-and-pipes-made-of-rigid-plastics\/pe-tubing\">polyethylene (PE)<\/a> and the high-performance plastic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubings-and-pipes-made-of-rigid-plastics\/ptfe-tubing\">polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)<\/a>. Manufacturers use both to produce rigid <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubings-and-pipes-made-of-rigid-plastics\">plastic tubing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/plates\">plastic sheets<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tube-hose-connectors\">tube and hose connectors<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7801\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7801\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7801 size-full\" title=\"Structure of non-crosslinked thermoplastics\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/polymerstruktur-teilkristallin.jpg\" alt=\"Structure of non-crosslinked thermoplastics\" width=\"450\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/polymerstruktur-teilkristallin.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/polymerstruktur-teilkristallin-300x256.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7801\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><center>Structure of non-crosslinked thermoplastics<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Elastomers, by contrast, consist of tangled polymer chains joined by wide-meshed crosslinks. These crosslinks prevent elastomers from melting. Under mechanical load, the polymer chains straighten out and the material stretches. When the load eases, the material contracts again. Well-known elastomers include the rubbery polymers <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/epdm-tubing\">ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM)<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/nbr-tubing\">acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)<\/a>. Manufacturers turn these polymers into <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\">rubber tubing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/seals-and-gaskets\">seals<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/closure-elements\">closure elements<\/a>, among other products.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7804\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7804\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7804 size-full\" title=\"Loosely crosslinked elastomers\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/polymerstruktur-weitmaschig-vernetzt.jpg\" alt=\"Loosely crosslinked elastomers\" width=\"450\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/polymerstruktur-weitmaschig-vernetzt.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/polymerstruktur-weitmaschig-vernetzt-300x289.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7804\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><center>Loosely crosslinked elastomers<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thermosets consist of polymer chains locked into a dense, close-meshed network. As a result, thermosets do not melt, and they fracture under excessive mechanical load.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7808\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7808\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7808 size-full\" title=\"Densely crosslinked thermosets\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/polymerstruktur-engmaschig-vernetzt.jpg\" alt=\"Densely crosslinked thermosets\" width=\"450\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/polymerstruktur-engmaschig-vernetzt.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/polymerstruktur-engmaschig-vernetzt-300x297.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7808\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><center>Densely crosslinked thermosets<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>German Plastics Museum (Deutsches Kunststoff-Museum)<\/strong> compares the three classes of plastic to sweets. In this vivid analogy, chocolate behaves like a thermoplastic. It melts, cools and takes on a new shape. Gummy bears act like elastomers: they stretch and then spring back to their original shape. Thermosets resemble biscuits: baking turns a liquid batter into a firm, brittle solid.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Thermosets_Are_Made\"><\/span>How Thermosets Are Made<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Thermosets start out as synthetic resins, which manufacturers produce from monomers. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (<strong>IUPAC<\/strong>) gives the following definition. It describes a resin as a \u201csoft solid or highly <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viscosity\">viscous<\/a> substance, usually containing <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prepolymer\">prepolymers<\/a> with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Functional_group\">reactive groups<\/a>\u201d<sup>[2]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"box note  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tManufacturers mix these resins with additives. These include fillers and reinforcing materials (also called resin carriers), colourants, release agents and hardeners.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p>Resin makes up between 40 and 60 % of the mixture and determines its viscosity. Because thermosets cannot melt, processors must shape them before curing. They transfer the mixture of resin and additives into a mould of the required shape. Inside the mould, crosslinking and thus curing then take place under heat, pressure, or UV or infrared radiation.<\/p>\n<p>Crosslinking can proceed by polycondensation, polyaddition or free-radical polymerisation. Depending on the crosslinking reaction, resins fall into two groups: condensation resins and reaction resins. The condensation resins include phenoplasts such as phenol-formaldehyde resins (PF). Aminoplasts such as melamine-formaldehyde resins (MF) and urea-formaldehyde resins (UF) also belong to this group.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/laboratory-instruments\/pestles-and-mortars\/29927\/mortar\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7812 size-full\" title=\"Mortar made of melamine\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/reibschale-moerser.jpg\" alt=\"Mortar made of melamine\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/reibschale-moerser.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/reibschale-moerser-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/laboratory-instruments\/pestles-and-mortars\/29926\/pestle\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7813 size-full\" title=\"Pestle made of melamine\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/pistill.jpg\" alt=\"Pestle made of melamine\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/pistill.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/pistill-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>As condensation resins cure, they release a by-product, often water. Manufacturers therefore run the polycondensation at elevated temperature and high pressure. This lets the by-product escape and reduces cracking and internal stresses during curing.<\/p>\n<p>The reaction resins include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/epoxy-resin-production-applications-and-fields-of-use\/\">epoxy resins (EP)<\/a>, unsaturated polyester resins (UP) and crosslinkable polyurethanes (PUR). Many of them cure at room temperature or with mild heat, and at atmospheric pressure.<\/p>\n<p>Curing causes shrinkage: the finished thermoset part occupies less volume than the moulding compound it started from. In practice, the term thermoset often covers both the resins and the cured products. Strictly speaking, English distinguishes thermosetting resins before curing from thermosets after curing.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Properties_of_Thermosets\"><\/span>Properties of Thermosets<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Because thermoset polymers are densely crosslinked, they offer high resistance to heat and chemicals.<\/p>\n<div class=\"box info  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tThey are also harder and stiffer than thermoplastics and have a higher modulus of elasticity. Their impact strength, however, is lower.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thermosets make good electrical insulators and offer high tracking resistance. Their low coefficient of thermal expansion ensures good dimensional stability, even at elevated temperatures.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Applications_of_Thermosets\"><\/span>Applications of Thermosets<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thermosets serve as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/adhesives-and-lubricants\">adhesives<\/a> and as casting and laminating resins. Their main use, however, lies in fibre-reinforced composites, often simply called composites. These materials consist of a plastic matrix with embedded fibres or fabrics. Inorganic options include glass, ceramic and carbon fibres. Organic options include aramid, polyester, nylon, polyethylene and polymethyl methacrylate fibres. Natural fibres such as wood, hemp, flax and sisal are also suitable.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Combining fibres and matrix creates a new material with modified properties. Examples include glass-fibre-reinforced plastic (GRP) and carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP).<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phenoplasts_%E2%80%93_The_First_Thermosetting_Plastics\"><\/span>Phenoplasts \u2013 The First Thermosetting Plastics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Phenol-formaldehyde resins form from phenol and formaldehyde. They are the oldest synthetic thermosets. The Belgian-born chemist Leo Hendrik Baekeland invented them in 1907. They entered the market under the trade name Bakelite\u00ae, derived from his name.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7809\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7809\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7809 size-full\" title=\"Bakelite telephone with rotary dial\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/telefon-aus-bakelit.jpg\" alt=\"Bakelite (thermoset) telephone with rotary dial\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/telefon-aus-bakelit.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/telefon-aus-bakelit-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7809\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><center>Bakelite telephone with rotary dial<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Manufacturers turned these brown-black plastics into household and kitchen items, jewellery and light switch housings. The same materials gave shape to plugs, sockets, radios, telephones, insulators and much more. Even the Trabant, the small car built in <strong>East Germany (GDR)<\/strong> from 1957 to 1991, relied on them. Its body panels consisted of cotton fibres impregnated with phenolic resin, a material known as Duroplast. Phenolic resins have largely vanished from everyday life. Yet they remain in use wherever applications demand electrical insulation, mechanical and thermal strength, and low flammability. Typical examples include printed circuit boards, electrical components, brake linings and grinding wheels. Phenolics also act as flame-retardant binders for hardboard and foams.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/fasteners\/insulating-spacers-and-insulators\/30572\/medium-voltage-insulator-made-of-epoxy-resin\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7814 size-full\" title=\"Medium-voltage insulator made of epoxy resin\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/mittelspannungs-isolator.jpg\" alt=\"Medium-voltage insulator made of epoxy resin\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/mittelspannungs-isolator.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/mittelspannungs-isolator-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/fasteners\/insulating-spacers-and-insulators\/30570\/insulating-spacers-made-of-pes-glass-fiber-reinforced-drum-type\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7815 size-full\" title=\"Support insulator made of glass-fibre-reinforced polyester - drum type\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/isolierstuetzer-aus-pe.jpg\" alt=\"Support insulator made of glass-fibre-reinforced polyester - drum type\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/isolierstuetzer-aus-pe.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/isolierstuetzer-aus-pe-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Manufacturers use phenolic resins, epoxy resins and glass-fibre-reinforced polyesters to produce <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/fasteners\/insulating-spacers-and-insulators\">medium-voltage insulators, insulating spacers and other electrical insulators<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Aminoplasts_%E2%80%93_The_Adhesives_of_the_Wood_Industry\"><\/span>Aminoplasts \u2013 The Adhesives of the Wood Industry<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aminoplasts start from carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde. These react with compounds carrying at least two amino groups, such as urea. Melamine resins and urea resins both belong to the aminoplasts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Unlike phenolic resins, aminoplasts accept light colours and offer good lightfastness. In the 1950s and 1960s, melamine resin worktops found their way into German kitchens. They carried the trade name Resopal\u00ae, <strong>Germany\u2019s counterpart to Formica\u00ae<\/strong>. Aminoplasts serve mainly as adhesives in the woodworking industry. Manufacturers also use them for plugs, switches, lamp holders and kitchen appliance housings. They also appear in tableware, drinkware and table tennis table surfaces. The figure below shows the starting materials formaldehyde and urea. It also shows the structure of the resulting urea-formaldehyde resin. Dashed lines mark further crosslinking points.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-16885 size-full\" title=\"Schematic structure of urea and formaldehyde\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/schematic-structure-urea-and-formaldehyde.webp\" alt=\"schematic structure of urea and formaldehyde\" width=\"643\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/schematic-structure-urea-and-formaldehyde.webp 643w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/schematic-structure-urea-and-formaldehyde-300x140.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Epoxy_Resins_%E2%80%93_Versatile_Plastics\"><\/span><strong>Epoxy Resins \u2013 Versatile Plastics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Manufacturers produce epoxy resins mainly from epichlorohydrin and polyhydric phenols such as bisphenol A. As casting resins, epoxies form components for electric motors. They also go into insulators, capacitors and high-voltage bushings. Thanks to their chemical resistance, epoxies coat the inside and outside of tanks, vessels and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/pipes\">pipes<\/a>. Valves and fittings, ships, steel structures and industrial floors also receive epoxy coatings.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Epoxy resins have also established themselves as adhesives. They bond metals, wood, glass, porcelain, stone, concrete and many plastics. In fibre-reinforced composites, epoxy resins appear in structural components of gliders and passenger aircraft. Rotor blades for wind turbines use them as well. In sports equipment, they feature in kayaks, skis, tennis rackets, golf clubs and hockey sticks.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Unsaturated_Polyester_Resins\"><\/span><strong>Unsaturated Polyester Resins<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Unsaturated polyester resins (UP resins) consist of unsaturated polyesters dissolved in an unsaturated monomer such as styrene. During curing, this monomer helps build the high crosslink density. Unlike epoxy resins, UP resins shrink considerably during curing. Inorganic fillers reduce this shrinkage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">With short glass fibres or similar short-fibre fillers, UP and melamine resins achieve the best tracking resistance. Like melamine and urea resins, UP resins offer high lightfastness. As casting resins, they encapsulate electrical components. As laminates, they form car body parts as well as fairings for boat hulls and gliders.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Crosslinkable_Polyurethanes\"><\/span>Crosslinkable Polyurethanes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Polyurethanes form from polyisocyanates and polyols. The choice of starting materials and process parameters controls the degree of crosslinking. Highly crosslinked grades show thermosetting behaviour.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/pipes\/30299\/tube-made-of-glass-fiber-reinforced-plastic-gfrp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7817 size-full\" title=\"Glass-fibre-reinforced plastic (GRP) pipe\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/rohr-glasfaserverstaerktem-kunststoff.jpg\" alt=\"Glass-fibre-reinforced plastic (GRP) pipe\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/rohr-glasfaserverstaerktem-kunststoff.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/rohr-glasfaserverstaerktem-kunststoff-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/plates\/foam-rubber-sheets\/30213\/spring-element-plate-made-of-pur-cellular-medium-density\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7818 size-full\" title=\"Spring element sheet made of cellular PUR - medium density\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/federelement-platte-aus-zelligem-pur.jpg\" alt=\"Spring element sheet made of cellular PUR - medium density\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/federelement-platte-aus-zelligem-pur.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/federelement-platte-aus-zelligem-pur-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">PUR <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/plates\/foam-rubber-sheets\">rigid foam boards<\/a> insulate refrigeration appliances, heat and cold storage systems and pipe jackets. In construction, PUR boards insulate roofs, floors and walls. As a casting resin, PUR serves as a potting compound in the electrical industry. It also coats floors and helps refurbish flat roofs. Manufacturers also make roller coverings and damping and spring elements from it. The same applies to wear parts such as seals and wipers, which protect hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders against contamination. As an adhesive, PUR bonds large areas of metal, wood, plastics, natural stone, gypsum fibreboard and plasterboard.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thermosets combine hardness, chemical resistance and heat resistance with low density. This combination makes thermoset materials important in industry, and not only as a substitute for metals.<\/p>\n<pre><strong>Sources:\r\n<\/strong>[1] https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui\/#iso:std:iso:472:ed-4:v1:en\r\n[2] https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/terms\/view\/RT07166\r\n\r\n<strong>Image credits: \r\n<\/strong>Featured image | \u00a9 dieter76 \u2013 stock.adobe.com \r\nPolymer structure, semi-crystalline | \u00a9 Roland.chem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Polymerstruktur-teilkristallin.svg \r\nPolymer structure, loosely crosslinked | \u00a9 Roland.chem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Polymerstruktur-weitmaschig_vernetzt.svg \r\nPolymer structure, densely crosslinked | Roland.chem, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Polymerstruktur-engmaschig_vernetzt.svg \r\nBakelite telephone | \u00a9 Iliya Mitskavets \u2013 stock.adobe.com<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The German term \u201cDuroplaste\u201d derives from the Latin \u201cdurus\u201d, meaning hard. English uses the name thermosets, which reflects how these plastics set permanently during curing. The international standard ISO 472:2013, Plastics \u2013 Vocabulary, provides the formal definition. Here, a thermoset is a \u201cplastic which, when cured by heat or other means, changes into a substantially &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":12775,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,3028,2748,3029],"tags":[4425,4423,4426,4424,4422,4421,4419,4420,3449],"class_list":["post-16882","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-all-articles","category-alle-beitraege-en","category-materials-in-chemistry","category-werkstoffe-in-der-chemie-en","tag-aminoplasts","tag-applications-of-thermosets","tag-epoxy-resins","tag-phenoplasts","tag-properties-of-thermosets","tag-resin","tag-thermoset-plastics","tag-thermoset-polymer","tag-thermosets"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Are Thermosets? 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