{"id":16137,"date":"2024-07-02T04:45:39","date_gmt":"2024-07-02T02:45:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/?p=16137"},"modified":"2026-02-25T10:43:56","modified_gmt":"2026-02-25T09:43:56","slug":"isoprene-latex-rubber-and-caoutchouc-the-remarkable-career-of-milky-sap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/isoprene-latex-rubber-and-caoutchouc-the-remarkable-career-of-milky-sap\/","title":{"rendered":"Isoprene, Latex, Rubber and Caoutchouc \u2013 The Remarkable Career of Milky Sap"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/isoprene-latex-rubber-and-caoutchouc-the-remarkable-career-of-milky-sap\/#Natural_Latex_and_Rubber\" title=\"Natural Latex and Rubber\">Natural Latex and Rubber<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/isoprene-latex-rubber-and-caoutchouc-the-remarkable-career-of-milky-sap\/#What_Is_Latex_Made_Of_How_Is_the_Milky_Sap_Produced\" title=\"What Is Latex Made Of? How Is the Milky Sap Produced?\">What Is Latex Made Of? How Is the Milky Sap Produced?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/isoprene-latex-rubber-and-caoutchouc-the-remarkable-career-of-milky-sap\/#Early_Practical_Applications_of_Latex\" title=\"Early Practical Applications of Latex\">Early Practical Applications of Latex<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/isoprene-latex-rubber-and-caoutchouc-the-remarkable-career-of-milky-sap\/#Goodyear_and_the_Development_of_Vulcanization\" title=\"Goodyear and the Development of Vulcanization\">Goodyear and the Development of Vulcanization<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/isoprene-latex-rubber-and-caoutchouc-the-remarkable-career-of-milky-sap\/#How_Is_Natural_Rubber_Vulcanized\" title=\"How Is Natural Rubber Vulcanized?\">How Is Natural Rubber Vulcanized?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/isoprene-latex-rubber-and-caoutchouc-the-remarkable-career-of-milky-sap\/#The_Search_for_a_Substitute_for_Natural_Rubber\" title=\"The Search for a Substitute for Natural Rubber\">The Search for a Substitute for Natural Rubber<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/isoprene-latex-rubber-and-caoutchouc-the-remarkable-career-of-milky-sap\/#BUNA_and_the_Breakthrough_of_Synthetic_Rubbers\" title=\"BUNA and the Breakthrough of Synthetic Rubbers\">BUNA and the Breakthrough of Synthetic Rubbers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Since the second phase of the Industrial Revolution in the 1870s, a modern world without rubber has been almost inconceivable. The material is encountered wherever something must be sealed to keep unwanted substances out or desired media in \u2013 as with rubber gloves, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/seals-and-gaskets\">seals<\/a>, or the air inside a tire. To convert thermoplastic natural rubber into elastomeric plastics, it is vulcanized. In this way, it becomes an essential engineering material.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Natural_Latex_and_Rubber\"><\/span>Natural Latex and Rubber<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Colloquially, the term rubber refers to an elastomer originally obtained from a plant&#8217;s milky sap. In botanical terminology, this milky sap is also referred to as latex.<\/p>\n<div class=\"box info  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tIn a botanical sense, gum (plural: gums) refers to milky saps and resins produced by various plant species and exuded from injured areas to protect the plant against disease. One example is <em>gum arabic<\/em>, a resin containing polysaccharides.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In chemical terminology, latex more generally describes an emulsion of polymer particles in an aqueous phase. The term is also commonly used for the rubber and the products manufactured from it. Today, latex is used to manufacture products such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\">rubber hoses<\/a>, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/nr-tubing\">latex hoses<\/a>, seals, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/closure-elements\/plugs\">plugs<\/a>, as well as semi-finished products such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/plates\/rubber-plates-rubber-mats-rubber-strips\">rubber sheets and rubber mats<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_Latex_Made_Of_How_Is_the_Milky_Sap_Produced\"><\/span>What Is Latex Made Of? How Is the Milky Sap Produced?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Natural latex is produced by various plant families, most prominently the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). This sticky and indigestible milky sap is generated by specialized latex cells or laticifers within the plant and serves as a natural defense against herbivores, particularly when it contains toxic or irritating substances. Natural latex is harvested by tapping the latex vessels located in the bark.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10024\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10024\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10024 size-full\" title=\"Rubber Cultivation in Sri Lanka\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/kautschuk-anbau-in-sri-lanka.jpg\" alt=\"Rubber Cultivation in Sri Lanka\" width=\"450\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/kautschuk-anbau-in-sri-lanka.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/kautschuk-anbau-in-sri-lanka-220x300.jpg 220w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10024\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><center>Rubber Cultivation in Sri Lanka<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"box note  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tThe milky sap of the rubber tree (<em>Hevea brasiliensis<\/em>) contains <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/natural-rubber\/\">natural rubber<\/a>, a colloidal emulsion of polymeric isoprenes, predominantly <em>cis<\/em>-1,4-polyisoprene (1\u201320% of the dry mass) in a protein-containing aqueous phase. The particle size of the polymers ranges between 100 and approximately 1500 nm, corresponding to roughly 8,000 to 30,000 monomer units.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Isoprenes are hydrocarbons composed of the building block isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) and are constituents of many natural substances. In the plant kingdom, terpenes occur in large quantities, for example in resins. In humans, they are found as components of lipids and steroid hormones. Trees release isoprene into the atmosphere in such large amounts as aerosols that it can cause forested mountain ranges to appear bluish. The eucalyptus forests of the Blue Mountains on Australia&#8217;s east coast, for instance, shimmer blue under certain daylight conditions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Another polymeric isoprene is found in the latex of the gutta-percha tree native to Southeast Asia, which has also been used industrially to a lesser extent. Unlike the latex of the rubber tree, it predominantly contains <em>trans<\/em>-configured 1,4-polyisoprene consisting of only about 1,500 monomer units. Gutta-percha is more chemically resistant than rubber but sensitive to air and less elastic. However, it becomes moldable when heated and is used, for example, in dental applications.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Early_Practical_Applications_of_Latex\"><\/span>Early Practical Applications of Latex<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One of the earliest practical uses of latex employed the milky sap of the mulberry tree <em>Castilla elastica<\/em>. In pre-Columbian Central America, it was used thousands of years ago to produce rubber bands, vessels, sandals, and balls for the Mesoamerican ballgame. After the bloody Spanish conquest of Mexico, a demonstration of the ballgame before Emperor Charles V by an Aztec team was likely the first use of rubber in Europe \u2013 and for nearly 200 years, almost the only one.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10026\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10026\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10026 size-full\" title=\"Mesoamerican Ballgame (Costume Book by Christoph Weiditz)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/trachtenbuch-christoph-weiditz.jpg\" alt=\"Mesoamerican Ballgame (Costume Book by Christoph Weiditz)\" width=\"450\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/trachtenbuch-christoph-weiditz.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/trachtenbuch-christoph-weiditz-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/trachtenbuch-christoph-weiditz-110x75.jpg 110w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10026\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><center>Mesoamerican Ballgame (Costume Book by Christoph Weiditz)<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This changed when the French explorer Charles-Marie de la Condamine (1701\u20131774) observed in the 1740s how indigenous peoples of the Amazon region harvested and used rubber. The indigenous populations of Central America had long known \u2013 well before Columbus&#8217;s arrival \u2013 how to transform the plastically deformable, sticky rubber into elastic material using plant extracts \u2013 knowledge that was not readily available elsewhere. Nevertheless, numerous applications for water-repellent and moldable latex soon emerged in Europe and North America during industrialization.<\/p>\n<div class=\"box error  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tAround 1830, the French inventor Charles Dietz used rubber bands as tires for carriages. However, compared to traditional wooden wheels with shrunk-on iron rims, they were inferior because the hardness and stickiness of rubber could not yet be controlled. In heat, the material became sticky again, attracting stones and dust; in cold conditions, it lost elasticity and fractured under load.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Goodyear_and_the_Development_of_Vulcanization\"><\/span>Goodyear and the Development of Vulcanization<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Another early application of rubber was inflatable life preservers sealed with a valve. When American inventor Charles Goodyear (1800\u20131860) developed a new valve in the 1830s, he attempted to market it to Roxbury Rubber. However, the company had no further need: all existing life jackets had melted into a sticky mass during the summer heat. This inspired Goodyear to develop a method to better control the hardness and tackiness of the material.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10027\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10027\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10027 size-full\" title=\"The American Chemist and Inventor Charles Goodyear (1800\u20131860)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/charles-goodyear.jpg\" alt=\"The American Chemist and Inventor Charles Goodyear (1800\u20131860)\" width=\"450\" height=\"511\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/charles-goodyear.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/charles-goodyear-264x300.jpg 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10027\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><center>The American Chemist and Inventor Charles Goodyear (1800\u20131860)<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In one of his experiments, he discovered that treatment with nitric acid reduced stickiness, although the material still melted under heat. Goodyear learned of the work of German chemist Friedrich Wilhelm L\u00fcdersdorff (1801\u20131886) and American inventor Nathaniel Hayward (1808\u20131865), both of whom had independently observed that adding sulfur reduced the tackiness of natural rubber.<\/p>\n<div class=\"box success  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tWhen Goodyear tested this method in 1839, the mixture fell into a hot reaction vessel \u2013 whether intentionally or accidentally remains unclear. To his surprise, the resulting product neither melted, evaporated, nor burned but became firmer and elastic, precisely as desired.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After optimizing the process, rubber could be produced industrially from 1844 onward. However, Goodyear himself derived little benefit. The company bearing his name, the Goodyear Tire &amp; Rubber Company, was founded nearly 40 years after his death.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/nr-tubing\/28570\/latex-tubing\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-10029 size-medium\" title=\"Latex Tubing\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/latex-schlauch-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Latex Tubing\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/latex-schlauch-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/latex-schlauch-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/latex-schlauch.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/nr-tubing\/28573\/nr-chemical-tubing-shore-37\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-10030 size-medium\" title=\"NR Chemical Tubing - Shore 37\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/nr-chemieschlauch-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"NR Chemical Tubing - Shore 37\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/nr-chemieschlauch-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/nr-chemieschlauch-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/nr-chemieschlauch.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Because heat and sulfur were involved in the process, reminiscent of volcanic activity, inventor, painter, and author William Brockedon (1787\u20131854) coined the term &#8220;vulcanization.&#8221; The most common process uses 1.8\u20132.5% sulfur by mass at temperatures between +120 and +160 \u00b0C, with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole or related compounds acting as accelerators.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Is_Natural_Rubber_Vulcanized\"><\/span>How Is Natural Rubber Vulcanized?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chemically, curing raw rubber according to the Goodyear process involves sulfur atoms or chains linking the allyl groups (-CH=CH-CH<sub>2<\/sub>-) of the isoprenoids, typically at only every hundredth or thousandth isoprene unit.<\/p>\n<div class=\"box info  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tThe elasticity of rubber results from the entanglement of polymer chains, which stretch or uncoil under tensile stress and return to their original state when relaxed. More cross-links produce harder and more stable rubber, while longer bridges increase extensibility.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An additional application of sulfur vulcanization is inverse vulcanization, in which polymeric sulfides are linked by hydrocarbons. This technique is used, for example, in the production of lithium\u2013sulfur batteries.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vulcanization can even be experienced when repairing a punctured bicycle tube. Such <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\">tubes<\/a> are typically made from cost-effective, airtight <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/butyl-iir-tubing\">butyl rubber<\/a>. Rubbing releases reactive molecules. The patches consist of unvulcanized raw rubber protected from atmospheric oxygen by a film. The vulcanizing adhesive contains <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/adhesives-and-lubricants\/adhesives\">adhesive<\/a> to hold the patch in place and \u2013 as one can readily smell \u2013 sulfur, which gradually cross-links the macromolecules.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/butyl-iir-tubing\/28540\/butyl-iir-chemical-tubing\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-10035 size-medium\" title=\"Butyl IIR Chemical Tubing\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/butyl-iir-chemieschlauch-1-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Butyl IIR Chemical Tubing\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/butyl-iir-chemieschlauch-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/butyl-iir-chemieschlauch-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/butyl-iir-chemieschlauch-1.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/plates\/rubber-plates-rubber-mats-rubber-strips\/30159\/butyl-iir-plate-shore-600\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-10033 size-medium\" title=\"Butyl IIR Plate - Shore 60\u00b0\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/butyl-iir-platte-shore-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Butyl IIR Plate - Shore 60\u00b0\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/butyl-iir-platte-shore-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/butyl-iir-platte-shore-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/butyl-iir-platte-shore.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although sulfur bridges are gradually replaced by atmospheric oxygen over time, causing rubber to become brittle, vulcanization is difficult to reverse in a targeted manner. To address tire waste, devulcanization processes break sulfur bridges thermally and with ultrasonic assistance. While not yet widely established on an industrial scale, devulcanization is considered a promising recycling method for used tires, allowing the material to be reused in new rubber compounds.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Search_for_a_Substitute_for_Natural_Rubber\"><\/span>The Search for a Substitute for Natural Rubber<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The growing demand for natural rubber gave rise to so-called &#8220;rubber barons,&#8221; some of whom did not shy away from slavery and genocide. Political difficulties in supplying rubber from the Amazon region intensified efforts to find alternative rubber sources. Synthetic rubbers can, for example, be produced from petroleum.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After English chemist Charles Hanson Greville Williams (1829\u20131910) isolated isoprene from rubber and determined the molecular formula C<sub>5<\/sub>H<sub>8<\/sub>, French chemist Gustave Bouchardat (1842\u20131918) succeeded in 1879 in producing a rubber-like substance from isoprene using hydrochloric acid. In 1901, Russian chemist Ivan Kondakov (1857\u20131931) achieved the first synthesis of (methyl) rubber from 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, later developed into an industrial process by German chemist Fritz Hofmann (1866\u20131956). However, methyl rubber lacked sufficient elasticity to serve as a viable replacement.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"BUNA_and_the_Breakthrough_of_Synthetic_Rubbers\"><\/span>BUNA and the Breakthrough of Synthetic Rubbers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first economically viable synthetic rubber was developed in 1926 by German chemists Walter Bock (1895\u20131948) and Eduard Tschunkur (1874\u20131946) at IG Farben. Marketed under the name &#8220;BUNA,&#8221; it was an emulsion polymer of 1,3-butadiene and styrene that, like methyl rubber, could also be vulcanized thermally.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/cr-tubing\">Chloroprene rubber<\/a>, known as neoprene, was developed in the 1930s by the U.S. company DuPont and is characterized by high chemical resistance. Later marketed as &#8220;BUNA-S,&#8221; it remains one of the most important synthetic elastomers. The technical term &#8220;BUNA&#8221; has since become synonymous with synthetic rubber in general usage.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/nbr-tubing\/28542\/nbr-chemical-tubing\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-10036 size-medium\" title=\"NBR Chemical Tubing\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/nbr-chemieschlauch-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"NBR Chemical Tubing\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/nbr-chemieschlauch-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/nbr-chemieschlauch-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/nbr-chemieschlauch.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/seals-and-gaskets\/o-rings\/nbr-o-rings\/30640\/high-performance-nbr-o-rings-imperial\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-10037 size-medium\" title=\"High-Performance NBR O-Rings - imperial\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/nbr-o-ringe-zoellig-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"High-Performance NBR O-Rings - imperial\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/nbr-o-ringe-zoellig-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/nbr-o-ringe-zoellig-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/nbr-o-ringe-zoellig.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Synthetic rubber is indispensable in numerous industrial products, including conveyor belts, drive belts, plastic hoses, seals, and more. Specific properties such as elasticity, weather resistance, and chemical resistance are often required. Frequently used materials include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/sbr-tubing\">styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/nbr-tubing\">nitrile rubber (NBR)<\/a>, and chloroprene rubber (CR).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In almost all modern machines, it is used for power transmission, sealing, insulation, and damping. The impact of vulcanization on human mobility and daily life can therefore hardly be overstated.<\/p>\n<pre><strong>Image Sources:<\/strong>\r\nFeatured image | \u00a9 Yuri Arcurs\/peopleimages.com \u2013 stock.adobe.com\r\nRubber Cultivation in Sri Lanka | \u00a9 Salix Oculus, CC BY-SA 4.0 &lt;https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons\r\nMesoamerican Ballgame (Costume Book by Christoph Weiditz) | \u00a9 Christoph Weiditz, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\r\nInventor Charles Goodyear (1800\u20131860) | \u00a9 William G. Jackman, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons \r\n<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Since the second phase of the Industrial Revolution in the 1870s, a modern world without rubber has been almost inconceivable. The material is encountered wherever something must be sealed to keep unwanted substances out or desired media in \u2013 as with rubber gloves, seals, or the air inside a tire. To convert thermoplastic natural rubber &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":13519,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,3028,2748,3029],"tags":[3980,3981,3996,3997,3683,3985,3998,3999,4000,4001,4002,4003,3982,3983,3984,3665,3986,3987,3656,3988,3989,3990,3597,3655,3992,3993,3991,3994,3995,4004],"class_list":["post-16137","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-all-articles","category-alle-beitraege-en","category-materials-in-chemistry","category-werkstoffe-in-der-chemie-en","tag-alternative-rubber-sources","tag-applications-of-latex","tag-buna-en","tag-buna-s-en","tag-butyl-rubber","tag-caoutchouc","tag-charles-dietz-en","tag-charles-goodyear-en","tag-charles-hanson-greville-williams-en","tag-charles-marie-de-la-condamine-en","tag-eduard-tschunkur-en","tag-fritz-hofmann-en","tag-goodyear-process","tag-inverse-vulcanization","tag-isoprene","tag-latex-en","tag-milky-sap","tag-natural-latex","tag-natural-rubber","tag-natural-rubber-material","tag-nitrile-rubber","tag-nitrile-rubber-nbr","tag-rubber","tag-rubber-tree","tag-styrene-butadiene-rubber","tag-styrene-butadiene-rubber-sbr","tag-sulfur-vulcanization-process","tag-synthetic-rubber","tag-vulcanization","tag-walter-bock-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Isoprene, Latex, Rubber and Caoutchouc \u2013 The Remarkable Career of Milky Sap - Reichelt Chemietechnik Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Isoprene, Latex, Rubber &amp; Caoutchouc: The Remarkable Career of Milky Sap! 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