{"id":16120,"date":"2024-06-06T08:15:59","date_gmt":"2024-06-06T06:15:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/?p=16120"},"modified":"2026-02-24T11:46:09","modified_gmt":"2026-02-24T10:46:09","slug":"calendering-plastics-shaping-sheets-and-films-efficiently","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/calendering-plastics-shaping-sheets-and-films-efficiently\/","title":{"rendered":"Calendering Plastics \u2013 Shaping Sheets and Films Efficiently"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/calendering-plastics-shaping-sheets-and-films-efficiently\/#Fabrics_and_Textiles_%E2%80%93_The_Beginnings_of_the_Calender\" title=\"Fabrics and Textiles \u2013 The Beginnings of the Calender\">Fabrics and Textiles \u2013 The Beginnings of the Calender<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/calendering-plastics-shaping-sheets-and-films-efficiently\/#Paper_Production\" title=\"Paper Production\">Paper Production<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/calendering-plastics-shaping-sheets-and-films-efficiently\/#Coated_Fabrics_and_Textile_Lamination\" title=\"Coated Fabrics and Textile Lamination\">Coated Fabrics and Textile Lamination<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/calendering-plastics-shaping-sheets-and-films-efficiently\/#Film_Production\" title=\"Film Production\">Film Production<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/calendering-plastics-shaping-sheets-and-films-efficiently\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>In terms of cost efficiency, calendering technology remains indispensable not only in the production of fabrics, textiles, and paper and in achieving specific surface finishes. It also demonstrates clear advantages in shaping sheets and films made of PVC and other polymers in large production batches. This article briefly and concisely outlines how it all began, when major developmental breakthroughs occurred, and what this processing technology is capable of today.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"box info  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tCalendering refers to a process in which a material is pressed or rolled between several differently arranged, parallel-axis rollers in order to bring it into a specific shape or to modify its surface structure. Such a machine is called a calender.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The term originates\u2014via the French <em>calandre<\/em>\u2014from the Greek \u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4<em>\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2\/kylindros<\/em>, originally meaning \u201croller.\u201d The geometric form known as the cylinder derives its name from the same root. The term has virtually nothing to do with a calendar.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fabrics_and_Textiles_%E2%80%93_The_Beginnings_of_the_Calender\"><\/span>Fabrics and Textiles \u2013 The Beginnings of the Calender<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Processes that could be described as precursors to calendering date back to textile and paper production in ancient times. In ancient China, for example, large stones were rounded and polished smooth in order to press woven fabrics. This made it possible to smooth the textiles, seal them against wind and water, and give them a particularly glossy surface. One of the best-known fabrics refined using this technique is satin, which takes its name from the former place of manufacture or trade, Tsen-Tung, now Quanzhou.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9924\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9924\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9924\" title=\"Calender process for film production (1: Rollers, 2: Preformed film, 3: Material feed, 4: Film)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/kalander-prozess.jpg\" alt=\"Calender process for film production (1: Rollers, 2: Preformed film, 3: Material feed, 4: Film)\" width=\"450\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/kalander-prozess.jpg 782w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/kalander-prozess-300x259.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/kalander-prozess-768x663.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9924\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><center>Calender process for film production (1: Rollers, 2: Preformed film, 3: Material feed, 4: Film)<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first known calenders\u2014machines in which pressure is applied to the workpiece by several rotating rollers\u2014were used in the 16th and 17th centuries in the production of the then world-famous Flemish fabrics.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Calenders generally consist of two to four rollers, although depending on the design there may be significantly more. The rotating rollers are typically made of steel or chilled cast iron with high hardness and toughness. Depending on their application, they are arranged in different configurations. Common designs include I-, F-, L-, and Z-calenders. The designation of these designs results from the positioning of the individual rollers in the side view of the machine and the material feed.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9926\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9926\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9926\" title=\"Examples of roller arrangements in calenders\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/rollenanordnungen-bei-kalandern.png\" alt=\"Examples of roller arrangements in calenders\" width=\"450\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/rollenanordnungen-bei-kalandern.png 581w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/rollenanordnungen-bei-kalandern-300x238.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9926\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><center>Examples of roller arrangements in calenders<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The spacing and material of the heated and polished rollers are determined by the material to be processed (fabric, paper, polymer melt, rubber, or metals) and the desired thickness or structure. Despite the name, the rollers are not completely cylindrical. Instead, they are slightly thicker in the center to compensate for deflection under their own weight, resulting in a subtle barrel shape. This thickening is alternatively referred to as camber. To stabilize the running of the rollers, an anti-vibration compound is often applied to the inside of the roller.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Paper_Production\"><\/span>Paper Production<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Like satin-finished fabrics, paper was first produced in China, according to historical sources around 2,000 years ago. A pulp made from various plant fibers, adhesive, and water was created, the solid components were skimmed off, and the material was pressed or hammered between plates.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When paper reached Europe via the Arab world in the late Middle Ages, it was considered inferior to parchment and was not permitted for handwritten official documents. However, around 1450, when Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in Europe\u2014although it had already existed in East Asia on a smaller scale for centuries\u2014the demand for paper increased dramatically. Here too, calendering enabled the mass production of paper and thus the dissemination of information.<\/p>\n<div class=\"box note  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tThe industrial production of continuous paper still follows the same principle developed in 1798 by the French inventor Nicholas-Louis Robert (1761\u20131828). After drying the pressed paper web, the calender\u2014known in this context as a smoothing unit\u2014completes the work of the paper machine.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The calender smooths the paper and ensures uniform thickness, as required for book printing, for example. Historically, it was also important in the production of paper capacitors for electrical engineering applications.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9929\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9929\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9929 size-full\" title=\"Historic paper calender, paper mill &quot;De Schoolmeester&quot; (Westzaan, Netherlands)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/papiermuehle-de-schoolmeester.jpg\" alt=\"Historic paper calender, paper mill &quot;De Schoolmeester&quot; (Westzaan, Netherlands)\" width=\"450\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/papiermuehle-de-schoolmeester.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/papiermuehle-de-schoolmeester-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9929\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><center>Historic paper calender, paper mill &#8220;De Schoolmeester&#8221; (Westzaan, Netherlands)<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Depending on requirements, the paper may undergo further calendering. To produce machine-coated paper, a coating layer of binders is applied to the machine-smoothed paper to improve its printability. A form of machine-coated paper is high-gloss paper, in which an additional layer of pigments and binders is applied to achieve gloss. A machine consisting of several calenders used in subsequent finishing processes is referred to as a supercalender. One technique to further improve surface quality is satin finishing, in which several heated steel smoothing rollers further refine the paper surface.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Coated_Fabrics_and_Textile_Lamination\"><\/span>Coated Fabrics and Textile Lamination<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One of the earliest practical applications of calendering plastics was the production of laminated fabrics, combining the stability of the base fabric with the sealing and chemical properties of the polymer.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In offices, schools, or at home, a similar process is used with laminating devices, where a thermoplastic film is applied to paper or similar materials.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One of the first calenders\u2014featuring four rollers\u2014was developed in 1836 by the American inventors Edwin M. Chaffee and Charles Goodyear to produce waterproof, rubberized mailbags. However, as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/natural-rubber\/\">rubber technology<\/a> was not yet fully developed, the applied rubber was often still sticky, rendering the bags unusable. It took several more decades before rubber production became sufficiently reproducible for economic textile lamination.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When the first calender for fabric coating was successfully used in 1874, it marked the beginning of mass production of coated fabrics. These included tarpaulins as well as conveyor belts, which further accelerated the industrial revolution. Today, coating calenders are usually designed in a Z-configuration.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Film_Production\"><\/span>Film Production<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">While coating calenders are used to coat fabrics, melt calenders are employed in film production. With the development of chemically synthesized polymers and their rapidly increasing production in the first half of the 20th century, processing methods were required to convert them into large quantities of finished products\u2014such as films for seat covers, tablecloths, tarpaulins, or automotive interiors. Calendering thus became a preferred process for the mass production of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/foils\/plastic-foils\">films<\/a>, backing materials for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/adhesive-tapes-and-tapes\/adhesive-tapes-and-tapes-made-of-elastomers-or-plastics\">adhesive tapes<\/a>, and thin <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/plates\">sheets<\/a> made of thermoplastics.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/foils\/glass-fabric-foils\/30144\/glass-fabric-film-ptfe-bonded\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9931 size-medium\" title=\"Glass Fabric Film - PTFE-Bonded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/glasgewebe-folie-ptfe-beschichtet-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Glass Fabric Film - PTFE-Bonded\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/glasgewebe-folie-ptfe-beschichtet-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/glasgewebe-folie-ptfe-beschichtet-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/glasgewebe-folie-ptfe-beschichtet.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/foils\/plastic-foils\/30118\/high-tech-fep-film\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9932 size-medium\" title=\"High-Tech FEP Film\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/kunststofffolien-fep-folie-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"High-Tech FEP Film\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/kunststofffolien-fep-folie-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/kunststofffolien-fep-folie-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/kunststofffolien-fep-folie.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the 1930s, various German and American manufacturers developed calendering processes capable of processing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/pvc-tubing-tygon-tubing\">polyvinyl chloride (PVC)<\/a>, which becomes readily formable at temperatures between +120 and +150 \u00b0C. Even today, PVC remains the most frequently processed thermoplastic in this method. This film production technique is more cost-effective than extrusion, which is used to manufacture <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\">hoses<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubings-and-pipes-made-of-rigid-plastics\">plastic pipes<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/rods\/rods-made-of-elastomers-plastics-or-glas-ceramic\">rods<\/a>, but it places specific requirements on the material.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Polymers with overly low-viscosity melts\u2014such as certain types of polyethylene (PE)\u2014cannot be processed in this way. Other suitable materials include acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) and polystyrene (PS). Some metal foils can also be produced using a melt calender, such as tin foil, which was historically manufactured by calendering molten tin. Today, however, this method plays only a minor role compared to rolling mill production.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The gap between the rollers of a PVC calender determines the thickness of the product, typically ranging from 75 \u00b5m to 800 \u00b5m for PVC. PVC sheets for flooring applications with thicknesses of up to 5 mm can also be produced in this way.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/plates\/rubber-plates-rubber-mats-rubber-strips\/30192\/pvc-p-plate-plasticized-pvc-soft-shore-700\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9934 size-medium\" title=\"PVC-P Plate (plasticized PVC, soft) - Shore 70\u00b0\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/pvc-p-weich-pvc-platte-shore-300x217.jpg\" alt=\"PVC-P Plate (plasticized PVC, soft) - Shore 70\u00b0\" width=\"300\" height=\"217\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/pvc-p-weich-pvc-platte-shore-300x217.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/pvc-p-weich-pvc-platte-shore.jpg 484w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/plates\/rubber-plates-rubber-mats-rubber-strips\/30200\/silicone-plate-shore-600\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9935 size-medium\" title=\"Silicone Plate - Shore 60\u00b0\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/silikon-platte-shore-300x218.jpg\" alt=\"Silicone Plate - Shore 60\u00b0\" width=\"300\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/silikon-platte-shore-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/silikon-platte-shore.jpg 481w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Calendered <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/plates\/plastic-sheets\/30240\/plate-made-of-ps\">polystyrene sheets<\/a> based on styrene-butadiene are characterized by exceptional hardness and rigidity. Very thin plastic films, by contrast, are generally produced using blown film extrusion, in which molten polymer\u2014usually <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubings-and-pipes-made-of-rigid-plastics\/pe-tubing\">polyethylene<\/a>\u2014is blown through a die, then rolled and wound. Depending on plasticizer content, F- or L-calenders are used for PVC processing. Additional product properties can be modified by adjusting temperature, calendering speed, and roller surface structure.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although the term calendering may not be widely known, calendered products are encountered everywhere\u2014unfortunately often also in the form of plastic waste. While calendering gives raw materials in the paper and textile industries new surface properties, it provides plastics with an entirely new shape.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/adhesive-tapes-and-tapes\/adhesive-tapes-and-tapes-made-of-elastomers-or-plastics\/30080\/adhesive-tape-made-of-pvc-double-coated\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9937 size-medium\" title=\"Adhesive Tape made of PVC - double-coated\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/klebeband-aus-pvc-doppelseitig-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Adhesive Tape made of PVC - double-coated\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/klebeband-aus-pvc-doppelseitig-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/klebeband-aus-pvc-doppelseitig-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/klebeband-aus-pvc-doppelseitig.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/adhesive-tapes-and-tapes\/adhesive-tapes-and-tapes-made-of-elastomers-or-plastics\/30093\/slip-adhesive-tape-made-of-ptfe-standard\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9938 size-medium\" title=\"Slip Adhesive Tape made of PTFE - Standard\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/gleitklebeband-aus-ptfe-standard-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Slip Adhesive Tape made of PTFE - Standard\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/gleitklebeband-aus-ptfe-standard-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/gleitklebeband-aus-ptfe-standard-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/gleitklebeband-aus-ptfe-standard.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this way, calendered products have not only achieved widespread distribution but have also played a decisive role\u2014through conveyor belts and continuous paper\u2014in the growth of industrial production and in the dissemination and transmission of information.<\/p>\n<pre><strong>Image Sources:\r\n<\/strong>Feature image | \u00a9 hxdyl \u2013 stock.adobe.com\r\nCalender process for film production | \u00a9 Author not specified in machine-readable form. LaurensvanLieshout assumed as author (based on rights holder information). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\r\nExamples of roller arrangements in calenders | \u00a9 kifo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons \r\nPaper mill \"De Schoolmeester\" | \u00a9 Rasbak, CC BY-SA 3.0 &lt;http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons<\/pre>\n<pre><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In terms of cost efficiency, calendering technology remains indispensable not only in the production of fabrics, textiles, and paper and in achieving specific surface finishes. It also demonstrates clear advantages in shaping sheets and films made of PVC and other polymers in large production batches. This article briefly and concisely outlines how it all began, &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":13489,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,2744],"tags":[3963,3966,3967,3968,3954,3970,3971,3972,3969,3965,3964,3956,3957,3960,3961,3962,3973,3977,3978,3975,3974,3958,3976,3959,3955,3979],"class_list":["post-16120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-all-articles","category-chemical-technology-in-action","tag-calender","tag-calender-process-for-film-production","tag-calendering","tag-calendering-of-plastics","tag-calendering-plastics","tag-calendering-process","tag-calendering-process-for-polyvinyl-chloride","tag-calendering-process-for-pvc","tag-calendering-technology","tag-calenders-for-fabric-coating","tag-calenders-in-paper-production","tag-coating-calender","tag-f-calender","tag-film-production","tag-historical-paper-production","tag-i-calender","tag-l-calender","tag-melt-calender","tag-melt-calenders-in-film-production","tag-paper-manufacturing","tag-paper-production","tag-polymer-films","tag-pvc-calender","tag-pvc-films","tag-structure-of-a-calender","tag-z-calender"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Calendering Plastics \u2013 Shaping Sheets and Films Efficiently - Reichelt Chemietechnik Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How does calendering work? 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