{"id":15529,"date":"2021-10-08T10:37:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-08T08:37:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/?p=15529"},"modified":"2025-12-19T10:40:30","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T09:40:30","slug":"butyl-rubber-properties-and-applications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/butyl-rubber-properties-and-applications\/","title":{"rendered":"Butyl Rubber \u2013 Properties and Applications"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/butyl-rubber-properties-and-applications\/#Structure_of_Butyl_Rubber\" title=\"Structure of Butyl Rubber\">Structure of Butyl Rubber<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/butyl-rubber-properties-and-applications\/#Production_of_Butyl_Rubber\" title=\"Production of Butyl Rubber\">Production of Butyl Rubber<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/butyl-rubber-properties-and-applications\/#Properties_and_Processing\" title=\"Properties and Processing\">Properties and Processing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/butyl-rubber-properties-and-applications\/#Application_Examples_of_Butyl_Rubbers\" title=\"Application Examples of Butyl Rubbers\">Application Examples of Butyl Rubbers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>What do car tires and chewing gum have in common? Both contain the same type of rubber: butyl rubber. The development of butyl rubber began in 1825 with the discovery of a flammable gas during the distillation of petroleum by the English scientist Michael Faraday (1791\u20131867). This gas was a mixture of isomeric butenes: n-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, and isobutene (2-methylpropene). The first synthetic rubber based on the polymerization of isobutene was developed by the German Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik (BASF) and introduced to the market in 1931.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This rubber-like polymer, polyisobutylene, was named Oppanol after its production site in Oppau (Germany) and is abbreviated as PIB. Oppanol remains part of BASF&#8217;s core business today and is used as a sealing material, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/adhesives-lubricants\" class=\"broken_link\">adhesive<\/a>, and coating material.<\/p>\n<div class=\"box info  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tAround the same time, U.S. chemists William J. Sparks (1905\u20131976) and Robert M. Thomas (1908\u20131984) developed butyl rubber by polymerizing isobutene with small amounts of isoprene.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This synthetic rubber exhibited better technical properties than polyisobutylene and was launched in 1937 under the name &#8220;butyl rubber.&#8221; Today, butyl rubber is mainly produced by ExxonMobil and Lanxess, which was spun off as an independent company from Bayer AG in 2004.<\/p>\n<p><center><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/butyl-iir-tubing\/28540\/butyl-iir-chemical-tubing\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7309 size-full\" title=\"Butyl IIR Chemical Tubing\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Butyl-IIR-Chemieschlauch.jpg\" alt=\"Butyl IIR Chemical Tubing\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Butyl-IIR-Chemieschlauch.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Butyl-IIR-Chemieschlauch-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/cr-tubing\/31088\/cr-laboratory-and-gas-tubing\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7311 size-full\" title=\"CR Laboratory and Gas Tubing\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CR-Labor-und-Gasschlauch.jpg\" alt=\"CR Laboratory and Gas Tubing\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CR-Labor-und-Gasschlauch.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CR-Labor-und-Gasschlauch-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the 1950s and 1960s, halogenated butyl rubbers were developed by dissolving butyl rubber and treating it with chlorine or bromine. These so-called &#8220;halobutyls,&#8221; abbreviated CIIR or BIIR, can be vulcanized more rapidly and with smaller amounts of vulcanizing agents. In addition, they allow improved co-vulcanization with other <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\">elastomeric polymers<\/a> and increase the crosslinking rate.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structure_of_Butyl_Rubber\"><\/span>Structure of Butyl Rubber<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Butyl rubber is a polymer belonging to the group of synthetic rubbers. The correct technical term for butyl rubber is isobutylene\u2013isoprene rubber, abbreviated IIR. It is a copolymer of 2-methyl-1-propene (isobutylene) and 2-methyl-buta-1,3-diene (isoprene). The following figure schematically illustrates the structure of the two monomers and the resulting polymer.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Bild1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"848\" height=\"151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Bild1.png 848w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Bild1-300x53.png 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Bild1-768x137.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 848px) 100vw, 848px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The indices &#8220;k&#8221; and &#8220;m&#8221; represent the molar fractions of the two starting components in the repeating unit of the macromolecule, which can repeat &#8220;n&#8221; times. In practice, the proportion of isobutylene is much higher than that of isoprene, as resistance to aging and weathering decreases with increasing isoprene content.<\/p>\n<div class=\"box success  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tFor high-quality grades of butyl rubber, the optimal isoprene content is a maximum of 5 mol%.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The isoprene content determines the number of double bonds in the polymer backbone. This assigns IIR to the R group of synthetic rubbers, which are characterized by double bonds in the main polymer chain. These double bonds can be used for halogenation to halobutyl rubber (chlorobutyl or bromobutyl) or for vulcanization.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Production_of_Butyl_Rubber\"><\/span>Production of Butyl Rubber<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Butyl rubber is produced by exothermic chain polymerization of isobutylene with small amounts of isoprene in solution. Dichloromethane (CH\u2082Cl\u2082) is most commonly used as the solvent. The resulting polymer is insoluble in the solvent and precipitates out.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7323\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7323\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7323 size-full\" title=\"Protective gloves made of butyl rubber\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Butyl-Gummihandschuhe-1.jpg\" alt=\"Protective gloves made of butyl rubber\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Butyl-Gummihandschuhe-1.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Butyl-Gummihandschuhe-1-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7323\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><center>Protective gloves made of butyl rubber<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The length of the polymer chain depends strongly on the polymerization temperature. Since chain length has a significant influence on the technical quality of the final product and increases as temperature decreases, butyl rubbers are polymerized at very low temperatures ranging from \u221240 \u00b0C to \u2212100 \u00b0C. Aluminum(III) chloride (AlCl<sub>3<\/sub>) or boron trifluoride (BF<sub>3<\/sub>) are used as catalysts. As a raw product, butyl rubber is available uncolored in the form of off-white to yellowish bales, but it can also be supplied colored, most commonly black or white.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Properties_and_Processing\"><\/span>Properties and Processing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Butyl rubber is an elastic polymer and has the lowest gas permeability of all rubbers.<\/p>\n<div class=\"box note  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tButyl rubber can be further processed by extrusion, calendering, injection molding, coating, and vulcanization.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It can be used in a temperature range from \u221230 \u00b0C to +100 \u00b0C, and for short periods even up to +140 \u00b0C. Isobutylene\u2013isoprene rubber (IIR) provides good electrical insulation, with a specific volume resistivity greater than 10<sup>12<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7cm. Depending on the base material, Shore A hardness ranges between 35\u00b0 and 85\u00b0, which is typical for elastomeric polymers. The elongation at break of IIR is up to 700%, placing it at the upper end of the range for elastomers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Isobutylene\u2013isoprene rubber is resistant to acids and alkalis but not resistant to oils and greases. It exhibits good damping properties against vibration and impact energy. Butyl rubber with a low isoprene content is weather- and ozone-resistant. As the isoprene content increases, weather and ozone resistance decrease, while heat resistance increases.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Application_Examples_of_Butyl_Rubbers\"><\/span>Application Examples of Butyl Rubbers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Butyl rubber is used in a wide range of applications. The primary customer is the tire industry. In this sector, the rubber is used in inner tubes as the inner rubber layer\u2014also referred to as an &#8220;inliner&#8221; or &#8220;inner liner&#8221;\u2014as well as in tubeless tires. It is also used for curing bladders in tire manufacturing.<\/p>\n<div class=\"box info  \"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tBromobutyl rubber is used for tire treads, where it is intended to increase road grip and improve wet braking performance.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Due to its damping properties, IIR is also used in mounts and elastic joints in the automotive industry to isolate vibrations between the chassis and the body.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the construction industry, butyl rubber is used in the form of tapes, profiles, and adhesives. Butyl adhesives are used for sealing and insulation. Joint and sealing tapes coated with butyl rubber are used to seal concrete joints against ground moisture and pressurized water. Bridge cables are protected against corrosion by wrapping them with butyl rubber tapes. Insulating glass units are sealed with butyl rubber profiles. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/plates\/rubber-plates-rubber-mats-rubber-strips\">Rubber mats and rubber sheets<\/a> made of IIR are also used for sealing applications.<\/p>\n<p><center><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/plates\/rubber-plates-rubber-mats-rubber-strips\/30159\/butyl-iir-plate-shore-600\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7317 size-full\" title=\"Butyl IIR Plate - Shore 60\u00b0\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Butyl-IIR-Platte-Shore-60\u00b0.jpg\" alt=\"Butyl IIR Plate - Shore 60\u00b0\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Butyl-IIR-Platte-Shore-60\u00b0.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Butyl-IIR-Platte-Shore-60\u00b0-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/semi-finished-products\/plates\/rubber-plates-rubber-mats-rubber-strips\/30200\/silicone-plate-shore-600\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7320 size-full\" title=\"Silicone Plate - Shore 60\u00b0\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Silikon-Platte-Shore-60\u00b0.jpg\" alt=\"Silicone Plate - Shore 60\u00b0\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Silikon-Platte-Shore-60\u00b0.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Silikon-Platte-Shore-60\u00b0-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Because of its good electrical insulation properties, butyl rubber is used as cable sheathing, for repairing damaged cable or wire jackets, and in cable duct seals for sealing cable and pipe penetrations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the pharmaceutical industry, container stoppers as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/seals-and-gaskets\">seals and O-rings<\/a> are manufactured from butyl rubber. In the food industry, IIR is the base material used in the production of chewing gum.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">And in sports and leisure applications, butyl rubber is found in balls and shoe soles.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\">Hoses<\/a> made of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/tubes-hoses\/tubing-made-of-elastomers-soft-rubber\/butyl-iir-tubing\">butyl rubber<\/a> are used as gas hoses in the chemical industry and in laboratories due to their low permeability to gases and water vapor. Gloves made of isobutylene\u2013isoprene rubber are used as laboratory gloves because of their resistance to acids and alkalis. In protective suits and gas masks, IIR is used in sealing components. Containers are lined with IIR to protect against acids and alkalis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alubutyl, an aluminum foil coated with butyl rubber, is used in automotive engineering, loudspeakers, and surround sound systems for damping and sound insulation.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7305\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7305\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7305\" title=\"Aluminum-coated butyl sheets for noise and acoustic insulation\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Aluminiumbeschichte-Butyl-Platten-fuer-die-Geraeusch-und-Akustik-Daemmung.jpg\" alt=\"Aluminum-coated butyl sheets for noise and acoustic insulation\" width=\"500\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Aluminiumbeschichte-Butyl-Platten-fuer-die-Geraeusch-und-Akustik-Daemmung.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Aluminiumbeschichte-Butyl-Platten-fuer-die-Geraeusch-und-Akustik-Daemmung-300x178.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7305\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><br \/><center>Aluminum-coated butyl sheets for noise and acoustic insulation<\/center><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 2013, Lanxess opened a butyl rubber plant in Singapore with an annual capacity of 100,000 metric tons of butyl and halobutyl rubber. Approximately three quarters of sales are generated by the tire industry, while around ten percent is attributed to the pharmaceutical industry. In some Asian countries, such as China, halobutyl rubber is legally required as a material for closures and seals in pharmaceutical products. In addition to Singapore, Lanxess also produces butyl rubber in Sarnia (Canada) and Zwijndrecht (Belgium), each with an annual capacity of 150,000 metric tons.<\/p>\n<pre><strong>Image sources:<\/strong> \r\nFeatured image | \u00a9 tong2530 \u2013 stock.adobe.com \r\nButyl Rubber gloves | By MatChem121 \u2013 Own work, CC BY 3.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=14643835 \r\nAluminum-coated butyl sheets | \u00a9 mehmet \u2013 stock.adobe.com<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What do car tires and chewing gum have in common? Both contain the same type of rubber: butyl rubber. The development of butyl rubber began in 1825 with the discovery of a flammable gas during the distillation of petroleum by the English scientist Michael Faraday (1791\u20131867). This gas was a mixture of isomeric butenes: n-butene, &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":12669,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,2748],"tags":[3684,3687,3683,3688,3685,3686,3690,3691,3597,3689,3692],"class_list":["post-15529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-all-articles","category-materials-in-chemistry","tag-automotive-industry","tag-bromobutyl-rubber","tag-butyl-rubber","tag-butyl-rubber-properties-applications","tag-car-tires","tag-construction-industry","tag-halobutyl-rubber","tag-pharmaceutical-industry","tag-rubber","tag-rubber-elastic","tag-tire-industry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Butyl Rubber \u2013 Properties and Applications - Reichelt Chemietechnik Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Butyl Rubber: Synthetic Rubber for Tires, Chewing Gum &amp; More! 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