{"id":15456,"date":"2020-11-30T12:03:10","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T11:03:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/?p=15456"},"modified":"2025-12-15T16:16:49","modified_gmt":"2025-12-15T15:16:49","slug":"what-is-corrosion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-is-corrosion\/","title":{"rendered":"What is corrosion and how does it occur?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-is-corrosion\/#Corrosion_and_Its_Formation\" title=\"Corrosion and Its Formation\">Corrosion and Its Formation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-is-corrosion\/#Electrochemical_Corrosion\" title=\"Electrochemical Corrosion\">Electrochemical Corrosion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-is-corrosion\/#Chemical_Corrosion\" title=\"Chemical Corrosion\">Chemical Corrosion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-is-corrosion\/#Metallurgically_Induced_Corrosion\" title=\"Metallurgically Induced Corrosion\">Metallurgically Induced Corrosion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-is-corrosion\/#Noble_Metals_and_Base_Metals_%E2%80%93_What_Does_That_Mean\" title=\"Noble Metals and Base Metals \u2013 What Does That Mean?\">Noble Metals and Base Metals \u2013 What Does That Mean?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-is-corrosion\/#Corrosion_%E2%80%93_Also_an_Environmental_Problem\" title=\"Corrosion \u2013 Also an Environmental Problem\">Corrosion \u2013 Also an Environmental Problem<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/what-is-corrosion\/#Corrosion_Protection_in_Practice\" title=\"Corrosion Protection in Practice\">Corrosion Protection in Practice<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Corrosion is a global problem. Steel structures in particular are affected, such as bridges and load-bearing structures, but also industrial plants, railway tracks, pipelines, vehicles, and machinery. In 2009, the &#8220;World Corrosion Organization&#8221; (WCO) estimated the worldwide economic damage caused by corrosion at 1.8 trillion US dollars.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Corrosion_and_Its_Formation\"><\/span>Corrosion and Its Formation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the broadest sense, corrosion is a physico-chemical process in which a material reacts with components of its surrounding environment, thereby changing its fundamental properties. Corrosion is therefore primarily an environmentally induced phenomenon.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, corrosion does not affect metals alone; non-metallic materials such as ceramics and glass are also subject to corrosion. Early and historically valuable stained-glass windows in churches are particularly affected. In this case, corrosion is based on ion exchange processes. Over long periods of time, these processes cause structural changes in the material, which can ultimately result in complete destruction.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5754\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5754\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5754 size-full\" title=\"Rusting railway tracks\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Rostende-Eisenbahnschienen.jpg\" alt=\"Rusting railway tracks\" width=\"600\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Rostende-Eisenbahnschienen.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Rostende-Eisenbahnschienen-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Rostende-Eisenbahnschienen-110x75.jpg 110w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5754\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rusting railway tracks<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In common usage, however, the term <strong>&#8220;corrosion&#8221;<\/strong> usually refers to metals. It is defined in the international standard DIN EN ISO 8044 as <strong>&#8220;<\/strong><em>\u2026 a reaction of a metallic material with its environment that causes a measurable change in the material (corrosion phenomenon) and may lead to impairment of the function of a component or an entire system (corrosion damage)<\/em><strong>&#8220;<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Corrosion is based on different reaction mechanisms. In most cases, corrosion is an electrochemical process, but chemical reactions and metallurgical phenomena can also cause corrosion.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Electrochemical_Corrosion\"><\/span>Electrochemical Corrosion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Electrochemical corrosion is associated with the formation of a galvanic element. In such a galvanic element, two different metals, two electrodes\u2014anode and cathode\u2014are immersed in an aqueous electrolyte, between which an electrical potential is established. If both electrodes are connected via an electrical conductor, an electric current flows. In this process, the less noble electrode, the anode, dissolves.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This principle is applied in batteries and is also the cause of electrochemical corrosion of metals.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In electrochemical corrosion, the electrodes are either provided by different components of a metal structure or by inhomogeneities within a metal alloy. The electrolyte is usually penetrating water, for example rainwater, which can form a <strong>&#8220;<\/strong>short-circuited<strong>&#8220;<\/strong> galvanic element. The consequence is the progressive electrochemical dissolution of the anodic metal component, which ultimately leads to loosening of metal joints or to corrosion within the metal itself, known as pitting.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One example of corrosion is the formation of rust on iron, a mixture of iron oxides. Iron rusts in the presence of water and dissolved oxygen. At one location on the iron surface, which acts as the anode, iron is oxidized to Fe<sup>2+<\/sup> ions:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fe \u2192 Fe<sup>2+<\/sup> + 2 e<sup>\u2212<\/sup> (anodic reaction)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">At another location on the iron surface, which acts as the cathode, oxygen is reduced with the formation of OH<sup>\u2212<\/sup> ions:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">O<sub>2<\/sub> + 2 H<sub>2<\/sub>O + 4 e<sup>\u2212<\/sup> \u2192 4 OH<sup>\u2212<\/sup> (cathodic reaction)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Both electrodes are short-circuited via the surface of the iron. The electrons formed flow through the metal from the anodic to the cathodic area. The Fe<sup>2+<\/sup> and OH<sup>\u2212<\/sup> ions formed migrate through the water that has penetrated the structure and react to form iron(II) hydroxide Fe(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>. In the presence of oxygen, moist iron(II) hydroxide is further oxidized to hydrated iron(III) oxide Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> \u00b7 x H<sub>2<\/sub>O, the corrosion product known as rust.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chemical_Corrosion\"><\/span>Chemical Corrosion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chemical corrosion refers to the reaction of metals with oxidizing agents based on chemical processes. In this case, the direct reaction of metals with oxygen is dominant\u2014it <strong>&#8220;<\/strong>oxidizes<strong>&#8220;<\/strong> the metal and forms a metal oxide. However, corrosion by oxygen does not always result in damage, such as the scaling observed during iron processing.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5757\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5757\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5757 size-full\" title=\"Comparison of a new and a corroded steel screw\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Vergleich-einer-neuen-und-einer-korrodierten-Stahlschraube.jpg\" alt=\"Comparison of a new and a corroded steel screw corrosion\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Vergleich-einer-neuen-und-einer-korrodierten-Stahlschraube.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Vergleich-einer-neuen-und-einer-korrodierten-Stahlschraube-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5757\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of a new and a corroded steel screw<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Reactions with atmospheric oxygen can also lead to the formation of oxide layers on the surface, which protect the underlying metal from further chemical attack. This is referred to as passivation. A well-known example is aluminum, which is corrosion-resistant because it is protected by a surface layer of aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>) of the corundum type. This chemically largely inert layer is only a few nanometers thick; however, it can be further reinforced by electrochemical oxidation, known as <strong>&#8220;<\/strong>anodizing<strong>&#8220;<\/strong>. The layer is dense and adherent, allowing even concentrated nitric acid to be stored in aluminum tanks.<\/p>\n<p><center><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/fasteners\/nuts\/hexagon-nut-made-of-pa-with-washer\" class=\"broken_link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5771 size-full\" title=\"Hexagon nut made of PA \u2013 with washer\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/sechskantmutter-aus-pa-mit-unterlegscheibe.jpg\" alt=\"Hexagon nut made of PA with washer\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/sechskantmutter-aus-pa-mit-unterlegscheibe.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/sechskantmutter-aus-pa-mit-unterlegscheibe-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/fasteners\/screws\/hexagon-head-screws\/hexagon-head-screw-din-933-made-of-pp\" class=\"broken_link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5772 size-full\" title=\"Hexagon head screw (DIN 933) made of PP\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/sechskantschraube-din-933-aus-pp.jpg\" alt=\"Hexagon head screw DIN 933 made of PP\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/sechskantschraube-din-933-aus-pp.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/sechskantschraube-din-933-aus-pp-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Other metals such as copper, lead, or tin also form oxidic surface layers. The properties of this surface layer determine whether the corrosion process initiated by surface oxidation continues or comes to a halt. If the layer is loose or porous and therefore permeable to oxygen and water, corrosion can penetrate deeply into the metal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In addition, both inorganic and organic acids can cause chemical corrosion by dissolving the protective oxide layer and the metal itself. In combination with water, halogens such as chlorine and acid anhydrides such as sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2<\/sub>) can also trigger corrosion through chemical reactions.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Metallurgically_Induced_Corrosion\"><\/span>Metallurgically Induced Corrosion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The causes of metallurgically induced corrosion are found in structural changes of metals due to external influences. Owing to modern metallurgical knowledge, particularly alloying with small amounts of other metals, this form of corrosion now plays only a minor role.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A striking example of metallurgically induced corrosion is tin pest, which affected objects made of pure tin in earlier times. These included mainly organ pipes in churches, but also household utensils and decorative items made of tin.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The reason is that tin exists under <strong>&#8220;<\/strong>normal<strong>&#8220;<\/strong> conditions in two different modifications, \u03b1-tin and \u03b2-tin. A third modification, \u03b3-tin, exists only above +162 \u00b0C. The two modifications \u03b1-tin and \u03b2-tin have completely different crystal structures, which are reflected not only in their appearance but also in their densities. At +20 \u00b0C, the density of \u03b1-tin is 5.75 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup> and that of \u03b2-tin is 7.27 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>. Each modification is physically stable only within a specific temperature range: gray \u03b1-tin below +13.2 \u00b0C, and silvery \u03b2-tin above +13.2 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5761\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5761\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5761 size-full\" title=\"Tin in its beta (left, white) and alpha (right, gray) modification\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Zinn-in-seiner-beta-links-weiss-und-alpha-rechts-grau-Modifikation.jpg\" alt=\"Tin in its beta (left, white) and alpha (right, gray) modification corrosion\" width=\"600\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Zinn-in-seiner-beta-links-weiss-und-alpha-rechts-grau-Modifikation.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Zinn-in-seiner-beta-links-weiss-und-alpha-rechts-grau-Modifikation-300x185.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5761\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tin in its beta (left, white) and alpha (right, gray) modification<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When the temperature falls below +13.2 \u00b0C, \u03b2-tin gradually transforms into \u03b1-tin. The lower the temperature, the faster the transformation proceeds. During this process, \u03b1-tin occupies a larger volume than \u03b2-tin. As a result, the metal gradually loses its structure, strength, and external shape in cold conditions and eventually disintegrates into a gray powder. The term <strong>&#8220;<\/strong>tin pest<strong>&#8220;<\/strong> originates from a time when this form of metallurgical corrosion was not yet understood and was compared to the relentless plague outbreaks that repeatedly afflicted humanity.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Noble_Metals_and_Base_Metals_%E2%80%93_What_Does_That_Mean\"><\/span>Noble Metals and Base Metals \u2013 What Does That Mean?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In aggressive environments, metals corrode predominantly by chemical means. Exceptions are only the noble metals gold and silver, as well as the platinum metals ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Due to their inherent chemical passivity, noble metal coatings provide very reliable corrosion protection for metals, but are usually not economically feasible.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the context of metals, the terms <strong>&#8220;<\/strong>noble<strong>&#8220;<\/strong> and <strong>&#8220;<\/strong>base<strong>&#8220;<\/strong> have not only a value-related meaning but also a physico-chemical background that is important for understanding the different corrosion tendencies of metals. The decisive factor is the respective <strong>&#8220;<\/strong>electrical potential<strong>&#8220;<\/strong>. Simplified, this is the voltage that develops in a galvanic cell between a hydrogen electrode and a metal electrode.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The hydrogen electrode is a platinum electrode surrounded by hydrogen gas, which adsorbs hydrogen in small quantities. The reaction H<sub>2<\/sub> \u21c4 2H<sup>+<\/sup> + 2 e<sup>\u2212<\/sup> takes place at this electrode. For practical reasons, the potential of the hydrogen electrode is set to zero, so that the potentials of metals relative to the hydrogen electrode can assume both negative and positive values. The higher the potential of a metal relative to the hydrogen electrode, the more noble it is. If metals are arranged according to their standard potentials from highest to lowest, the so-called <strong>&#8220;<\/strong>electrochemical series<strong>&#8220;<\/strong> is obtained, which can be represented in abbreviated form for the most important metals as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(<strong>\u2212<\/strong>) Li \u2192 K \u2192 Na \u2192 Mg \u2192 Al \u2192 Zn \u2192 Fe \u2192 Sn \u2192 Pb \u2192 Hydrogen \u2192 Cu \u2192 Ag \u2192 Hg \u2192 Pt \u2192 Au (<strong>+<\/strong>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This also explains why copper (Cu) and mercury (Hg) are sometimes counted among the noble metals: both have a positive standard potential.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5764\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5764\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5764 size-full\" title=\"Corroded girder of a riveted steel bridge\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Korrodierter-Traeger-einer-genieteten-Stahlbruecke.jpg\" alt=\"Corroded girder of a riveted steel bridge corrosion\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Korrodierter-Traeger-einer-genieteten-Stahlbruecke.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Korrodierter-Traeger-einer-genieteten-Stahlbruecke-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5764\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corroded girder of a riveted steel bridge<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When more noble metals are alloyed with base metals, the standard potential shifts to higher values, and the tendency to corrode is consequently lower than that of the base metal main component. In this way, high-alloy stainless steels\u2014iron alloys containing nickel, molybdenum, and other metals\u2014achieve qualities that are comparable in many respects to those of noble metals.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Corrosion_%E2%80%93_Also_an_Environmental_Problem\"><\/span>Corrosion \u2013 Also an Environmental Problem<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Corrosion is not only a problem in the chemical industry, where plants and pipelines are attacked and corrode due to aggressive media. It is also an environmental problem, because worldwide, hardly localized pollution loads the atmosphere with chemically reactive substances. These include nitrogen oxides from emissions of large combustion plants and automotive traffic, which are converted through reaction chains into nitric acid (HNO<sub>3<\/sub>), as well as sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2<\/sub>), which mainly originates from the use of sulfur-containing fossil fuels and leads to the formation of sulfurous acid (H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub>).<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Both pollutants are washed out of the atmosphere by precipitation and become corrosively active, which inevitably leads to long-term damage to bridges and other steel structures.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Corrosion_Protection_in_Practice\"><\/span>Corrosion Protection in Practice<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Corrosion is irreversible and therefore causes considerable costs when corrosion damage has to be repaired. It is therefore economically necessary to take effective preventive measures in advance in order to avoid corrosion.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Preventive measures include selecting the right materials for the respective application. For example, copper gutters can only be fastened using gutter brackets made of the same metal, copper, because using other metals would quickly lead to the formation of local galvanic elements with rainwater, initiating electrochemical corrosion. Similar problems can also arise with different metals that are riveted together.<\/p>\n<p><center><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/fasteners\/spacer-elements\/spacer-sleeve-made-of-pa-i-d-10-5-mm\" class=\"broken_link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5776 size-full\" title=\"Spacer sleeve made of PA (I.D.: 10.5 mm)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/distanzhuelse-aus-pa-i-oe-10-5-mm.jpg\" alt=\"Spacer sleeve made of PA I.D. 10.5 mm\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/distanzhuelse-aus-pa-i-oe-10-5-mm.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/distanzhuelse-aus-pa-i-oe-10-5-mm-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/fasteners\/bushings\/insulating-sleeve-made-of-pa-m10-m12\" class=\"broken_link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5777 size-full\" title=\"Insulating sleeve made of PA (M10\u2013M12)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/isolierhuelse-aus-pa-m10-m12.jpg\" alt=\"Insulating sleeve made of PA M10 M12\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/isolierhuelse-aus-pa-m10-m12.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/isolierhuelse-aus-pa-m10-m12-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The safest approach is to prevent local elements that trigger electrochemical corrosion by interrupting conductive connections between different metallic components, for example by using electrically insulating coatings, plastics, or ceramics. For connecting metallic components, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/fasteners\/spacer-elements\">spacers<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/fasteners\/bushings\">bushings<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/fasteners\/screws\">screws<\/a> made of plastics or ceramics are suitable. In addition, access of atmospheric oxygen and moisture can be reduced by paint coatings or by greasing, as is common practice with so-called terminal grease on the contacts of lead-acid batteries in motor vehicles.<\/p>\n<p><center><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/closure-elements\/plugs\/plugs-made-of-elastomers\/flexiplug-made-of-pvc-p-flexible-pvc\" class=\"broken_link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5784 size-full\" title=\"Flexiplug made of PVC-P (flexible PVC)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/flexiplug-aus-pvc-p-weich-pvc.jpg\" alt=\"Flexiplug made of PVC-P flexible PVC\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/flexiplug-aus-pvc-p-weich-pvc.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/flexiplug-aus-pvc-p-weich-pvc-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/fasteners\/washers-and-rings\/washer-din-125-made-of-pa\" class=\"broken_link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5785 size-full\" title=\"Washer (DIN 125) made of PA\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/unterlegscheibe-din-125-aus-pa.jpg\" alt=\"Washer DIN 125 made of PA\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/unterlegscheibe-din-125-aus-pa.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/unterlegscheibe-din-125-aus-pa-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Another very effective method is the use of a <strong>&#8220;<\/strong>sacrificial electrode<strong>&#8220;<\/strong> made of a less noble metal than the metallic material to be protected. This variant of corrosion protection is primarily used in industrial applications. These include, for example, underground oil and fuel tanks or steel gas pipelines. An electrically conductive connection is established to a zinc or magnesium plate, which is embedded in the moist soil in close proximity and thus effectively forms a galvanic cell. In this so-called <strong>&#8220;<\/strong>cathodic corrosion protection<strong>&#8220;<\/strong>, the less noble metal, the sacrificial electrode, gradually dissolves anodically over a long period of time, while hydrogen is released at the metal component to be protected. As long as the sacrificial electrode has not been consumed and the resulting small current flow is not interrupted, corrosion protection remains effective.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5766\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5766\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5766 size-full\" title=\"Sacrificial anode on a ship's hull\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Opferanode-an-einem-Schiffskoerper.jpg\" alt=\"Sacrificial anode on a ship's hull corrosion\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Opferanode-an-einem-Schiffskoerper.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Opferanode-an-einem-Schiffskoerper-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5766\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sacrificial anode on a ship&#8217;s hull<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The decision in favor of a particular protective measure\u2014of which there are many more than those presented here\u2014depends not only on the technical possibilities for implementation but also on the required service life of the metal structure to be protected. For a tin can, a single application of lacquer or plastic coating on the interior is sufficient to adequately guarantee the only briefly required corrosion protection. For railway bridges, however, recurring and elaborate corrosion protection measures are necessary to maintain their structural integrity over many decades. These measures are costly, but a bridge replacement necessitated solely by neglected corrosion protection is certainly more expensive.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<pre><strong>Image sources:<\/strong>\r\nCover image | \u00a9 SGappa \u2013 stock.adobe.com\r\nRusting railway tracks | \u00a9 Mbdortmund \u2013 de.wikipedia.org\r\nComparison of steel screws | \u00a9 d-jukic \u2013 stock.adobe.com\r\nTin in its modification | \u00a9 Alchemist-hp \u2013 de.wikipedia.org\r\nCorroded girder of a riveted steel bridge | \u00a9 Markus Schweiss \u2013 stock.adobe.com\r\nSacrificial anode on a ship's hull | \u00a9 Zwergelstern \u2013 de.wikipedia.org\r\n<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Corrosion is a global problem. Steel structures in particular are affected, such as bridges and load-bearing structures, but also industrial plants, railway tracks, pipelines, vehicles, and machinery. In 2009, the &#8220;World Corrosion Organization&#8221; (WCO) estimated the worldwide economic damage caused by corrosion at 1.8 trillion US dollars. Corrosion and Its Formation In the broadest sense, &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":12384,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,3028,2748,3029],"tags":[3668,3669,3468,3644,3667,3535,2774,3666,3670],"class_list":["post-15456","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-all-articles","category-alle-beitraege-en","category-materials-in-chemistry","category-werkstoffe-in-der-chemie-en","tag-corrosion","tag-corrosion-protection","tag-flexiplug-en","tag-hexagon-nut","tag-insulating-sleeve","tag-pa-en","tag-pp-en","tag-spacer-sleeve","tag-washer"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is corrosion and how does it occur? - Reichelt Chemietechnik Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is corrosion and how does it form? 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