{"id":15198,"date":"2018-06-04T11:10:23","date_gmt":"2018-06-04T09:10:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/?p=15198"},"modified":"2025-12-15T15:07:01","modified_gmt":"2025-12-15T14:07:01","slug":"proper-pipetting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/","title":{"rendered":"Proper Pipetting"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#How_a_Pipette_Works\" title=\"How a Pipette Works\">How a Pipette Works<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Dispensing_Devices_as_Part_of_Modern_Laboratory_Equipment_%E2%80%93_What_Is_a_Pipette\" title=\"Dispensing Devices as Part of Modern Laboratory Equipment &#8211; What Is a Pipette\">Dispensing Devices as Part of Modern Laboratory Equipment &#8211; What Is a Pipette<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Different_Types_of_Pipettes_for_Different_Applications\" title=\"Different Types of Pipettes for Different Applications\">Different Types of Pipettes for Different Applications<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Transfer_Pipettes_for_Moving_Small_Liquid_Volumes\" title=\"Transfer Pipettes for Moving Small Liquid Volumes\">Transfer Pipettes for Moving Small Liquid Volumes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Exact_Volumes_Require_Precise_Laboratory_Tools\" title=\"Exact Volumes Require Precise Laboratory Tools\">Exact Volumes Require Precise Laboratory Tools<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Pipetting_Very_Small_Liquid_Volumes\" title=\"Pipetting Very Small Liquid Volumes\">Pipetting Very Small Liquid Volumes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Direct_Displacement_or_Air_Cushion\" title=\"Direct Displacement or Air Cushion\">Direct Displacement or Air Cushion<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Direct-Displacement_Principle\" title=\"Direct-Displacement Principle\">Direct-Displacement Principle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Air-Cushion_Principle\" title=\"Air-Cushion Principle\">Air-Cushion Principle<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Tips_for_Pipetting_Small_Volumes_Correctly\" title=\"Tips for Pipetting Small Volumes Correctly\">Tips for Pipetting Small Volumes Correctly<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Check_the_Condition_of_the_Pipette\" title=\"Check the Condition of the Pipette\">Check the Condition of the Pipette<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Set_the_Volume_Correctly\" title=\"Set the Volume Correctly\">Set the Volume Correctly<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Choose_the_Correct_Immersion_Depth\" title=\"Choose the Correct Immersion Depth\">Choose the Correct Immersion Depth<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Correct_Pipette_Handling_Matters\" title=\"Correct Pipette Handling Matters\">Correct Pipette Handling Matters<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/en\/proper-pipetting\/#Correct_Pipetting_with_a_Microlitre_Pipette_Requires_Practice\" title=\"Correct Pipetting with a Microlitre Pipette Requires Practice\">Correct Pipetting with a Microlitre Pipette Requires Practice<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_a_Pipette_Works\"><\/span>How a Pipette Works<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>In every laboratory, small liquid volumes frequently need to be measured and dispensed with care. For this purpose, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/metering-facilities-and-metering-devices\/pipette-and-accessories\">pipettes<\/a><strong> are used. However, there are a few things to bear in mind when pipetting. In this article we explain how different types of pipettes work and how to pipette correctly.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dispensing_Devices_as_Part_of_Modern_Laboratory_Equipment_%E2%80%93_What_Is_a_Pipette\"><\/span>Dispensing Devices as Part of Modern Laboratory Equipment &#8211; What Is a Pipette<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Today, pipettes are regarded as indispensable items of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\">laboratory equipment<\/a>. In day-to-day laboratory routines, however, the proper use of these dispensing devices often does not receive the attention it deserves. Especially when working with small volumes in the millilitre range and, even more so, in the microlitre range, correct handling of pipettes is essential, because measurement errors add up and can ultimately lead to incorrect results. For this reason, particular emphasis is placed on correct pipetting in testing laboratories and during interlaboratory comparisons, as well as on the use of properly functioning pipettes and other <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/metering-facilities-and-metering-devices\">dispensing devices<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Different_Types_of_Pipettes_for_Different_Applications\"><\/span>Different Types of Pipettes for Different Applications<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-wp-editing=\"1\">Pipettes are tech<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/metering-facilities-and-metering-devices\/pipette-and-accessories\/29940\/pipette-made-of-ldpe\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1988 size-full\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" title=\"Pipette made of LDPE for use in bacteriology, haematology and blood banks | good chemical resistance\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/pipette-ldpe.jpg\" alt=\"LDPE pipette for bacteriology, haematology and blood banks\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/pipette-ldpe.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/pipette-ldpe-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>nical devices for transferring and dispensing small liquid volumes in the laboratory.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Their basic mode of operation relies on drawing a liquid from any laboratory vessel into the pipette, for example from a sample container, a centrifuge tube or a volumetric flask, and then emptying it into another laboratory vessel of any kind. Implementing this very simple principle for liquid transfer and dosing has led to a wide range of designs tailored to particular applications.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Transfer_Pipettes_for_Moving_Small_Liquid_Volumes\"><\/span>Transfer Pipettes for Moving Small Liquid Volumes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For transferring small liquid volumes where the exact volume is not critical \u2013 for example from one <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/laboratory-containers\">laboratory vessel<\/a> to another \u2013 Pasteur pipettes are suitable. These are glass tubes with a drawn-out tip and a rubber bulb on top, which serves as a simple pipetting aid to generate the pressure change required to aspirate and dispense the liquid dropwise. Today, however, Pasteur pipettes are hardly used anymore.<\/p>\n<p><center><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/metering-facilities-and-metering-devices\/pipetting-aids\/29954\/micro-pipetting-aid\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15215\" title=\"Micro pipetting aid | with thumb wheel for media intake and media discharge, as well as a ventilation button\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Micro-Pipetting-Aid.jpg\" alt=\"Micro pipetting aid | with thumb wheel for media intake and media discharge, as well as a ventilation button\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Micro-Pipetting-Aid.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Micro-Pipetting-Aid-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Micro-Pipetting-Aid-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/metering-facilities-and-metering-devices\/pipette-and-accessories\/29939\/dropping-pipette-made-of-pp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1963 size-full\" title=\"Dropping Pipette made of PP | Sampling is effected by squeezing and releasing the pipette\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/tropf-pipette-pp.jpg\" alt=\"Dropping Pipette made of PP | Sampling is effected by squeezing and releasing the pipette\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/tropf-pipette-pp.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/tropf-pipette-pp-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Graduated dropping pipettes made of unbreakable plastics with an integrated bulb or bellows bulb as a non-removable pipetting aid are easier to handle. Their mode of operation corresponds to that of Pasteur pipettes. The scale that is usually present also allows a rough estimate of the volume to be dispensed.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">They are most commonly used as disposable dropping pipettes made of acid and solvent resistant polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (LDPE) for liquid volumes up to 5 ml.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Exact_Volumes_Require_Precise_Laboratory_Tools\"><\/span>Exact Volumes Require Precise Laboratory Tools<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To measure the volume of a liquid precisely, accurate dispensing devices are required. For higher millilitre volumes, classic measuring and volumetric pipettes made of glass are used.<\/p>\n<p><center><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/metering-facilities-and-metering-devices\/pipette-and-accessories\/29942\/universal-measuring-pipette-made-of-ps\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1954 size-full\" title=\"Universal Measuring Pipette made of PS | transparent, permanently graduated (blue), easy-to-read\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/universal-messpipette-pp.jpg\" alt=\"Universal Measuring Pipette made of PS | transparent, permanently graduated (blue), easy-to-read\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/universal-messpipette-pp.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/universal-messpipette-pp-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/metering-facilities-and-metering-devices\/pipette-and-accessories\/29943\/universal-bulb-pipette-made-of-pp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1955 size-full\" title=\"Universal Bulb Pipette | made of PP (polypropylene) | transparent, permanently coloured ring mark (blue) and marking\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/universal-vollpipette-pp.jpg\" alt=\"Universal Bulb Pipette | made of PP (polypropylene) | transparent, permanently coloured ring mark (blue) and marking\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/universal-vollpipette-pp.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/universal-vollpipette-pp-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Measuring pipettes have a linear graduation between zero and the maximum pipette volume, allowing any volume within this range to be measured. A volumetric pipette (bulb pipette), on the other hand, can only be used to measure the total volume of the respective pipette. However, its measurement accuracy is higher than that of measuring pipettes, and they are usually calibrated.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/metering-facilities-and-metering-devices\/pipetting-aids\/29947\/squeeze-bulb-pipette-filler-made-of-nr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1959 size-full\" title=\"Squeeze-Bulb Pipette Filler made of NR (natural rubber) for any application area | resistant to chemicals\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/pipettierball-nr.jpg\" alt=\"Squeeze-Bulb Pipette Filler made of NR (natural rubber) for any application area | resistant to chemicals\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/pipettierball-nr.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/pipettierball-nr-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Measuring and volumetric pipettes are used for volumes up to 100 ml. The previously common practice of aspirating liquids by mouth is now strictly prohibited for occupational safety reasons. Today, mechanical pipetting aids made of plastic are used instead. Pipetting bulbs in various designs, such as Peleus bulbs, Howorka bulbs, aspirators (pipetting devices) made of autoclavable natural rubber (NR) and rubber bulbs for dropping pipettes, are still common pipetting aids in the laboratory.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pipetting_Very_Small_Liquid_Volumes\"><\/span>Pipetting Very Small Liquid Volumes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Analytical chemistry and molecular biology work often require precise dosing of very small liquid volumes of less than one millilitre. Millilitre and microlitre pipettes have become standard tools for this purpose.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/metering-facilities-and-metering-devices\/pipette-and-accessories\/29944\/micro-transfer-pipette\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1981 size-full\" title=\"Micro Transfer Pipette | for exact and easy drawing and metering of small fluid volumes\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/mikro-transferpipette.jpg\" alt=\"Micro Transfer Pipette | for exact and easy drawing and metering of small fluid volumes\" width=\"150\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a>The original name &#8220;Marburg pipette&#8221; is a reference to its inventor, the physician Heinrich Schnitger (1925 \u2013 1964), who developed it at the University of Marburg in the late 1950s.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first pipettes based on Schnitger&#8217;s piston stroke principle for reproducibly measuring small and very small liquid volumes were soon brought to market by the company Eppendorf in Hamburg. Since then, many other providers have added application-oriented models, including multichannel pipettes for simultaneous dispensing.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Direct_Displacement_or_Air_Cushion\"><\/span>Direct Displacement or Air Cushion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Millilitre and microlitre pipettes are cylinder\/piston pump systems that operate according to the direct-displacement principle or the air-cushion principle. In both cases, the piston stroke determines the pipetting volume, which can be preselected within a specified range in most of today&#8217;s common pipettes.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Direct-Displacement_Principle\"><\/span>Direct-Displacement Principle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">With millilitre and microlitre pipettes operating according to the direct-displacement principle, the liquid to be dispensed is drawn directly into the pipette by the piston stroke. The liquid thus comes into direct contact with the piston and cylinder. Such microlitre pipettes are structurally similar to dosing syringes used for gas and liquid chromatography (GC and HPLC) and are particularly suitable for handling non-aqueous and viscous liquids, such as glycerol, as well as liquids with high vapour pressure, such as ether or acetone.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Air-Cushion_Principle\"><\/span>Air-Cushion Principle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Air-cushion pipettes are the more commonly used dispensing pipettes for the millilitre and microlitre range. In this case, the liquid to be dispensed is not drawn into the pipette itself by the piston\/cylinder pump system but into a disposable plastic pipette tip attached to it, from which it is then dispensed again.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/metering-facilities-and-metering-devices\/pipetting-aids\/29946\/pipette-suction-bulb\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-15222\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" title=\"Pipette Suction Bulb made of red natural rubber (NR) for pipettes of all sizes\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/G40270_a1.jpg\" alt=\"Pipette Suction Bulb made of red natural rubber (NR) | for pipettes of all sizes\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/G40270_a1.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/G40270_a1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/G40270_a1-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Since an air cushion is located between the piston and the liquid to be pipetted in this design, the medium comes into contact only with the pipette tip. External factors such as temperature, vapour pressure or density of the liquid to be pipetted can influence the air cushion and thus also the pipetting volume. For certain applications, especially repetitive dosing, it may therefore be necessary to adjust the pipette individually.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The disposable pipette tips that are attached to the pipette are indispensable accessories for air-cushion pipettes. When used correctly, they practically rule out contamination and soiling inside the pipette body. Air-cushion pipettes are therefore preferred for dispensing sensitive media such as toxic, radioactive or bioactive solutions.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tips_for_Pipetting_Small_Volumes_Correctly\"><\/span>Tips for Pipetting Small Volumes Correctly<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dispensing in the microlitre range is particularly demanding because of the very small volumes involved. To achieve reliable results, the following points should be observed:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Check_the_Condition_of_the_Pipette\"><\/span>Check the Condition of the Pipette<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Before using a pipette in the laboratory, you should always check its technical condition. Worn sealing rings, contamination or damage can lead to inaccurate pipetting and thus falsify results. Regular checking of pipetting accuracy and regular calibration prevent measurement inaccuracies and unacceptable deviations from the specified nominal volume.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Set_the_Volume_Correctly\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/metering-facilities-and-metering-devices\/pipette-and-accessories\/29958\/precision-pipette-with-digitally-adjustable-volume\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1967 size-full\" title=\"Precision Pipette with Digitally Adjustable Volume | ISO 9001\/EN 29001 certified\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/praezisions-pipette-digital-einstellbares-volumen.jpg\" alt=\"Precision Pipette with Digitally Adjustable Volume | ISO 9001\/EN 29001 certified\" width=\"300\" height=\"285\" \/><\/a>Set the Volume Correctly<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A trivial but repeatedly occurring source of error is an incorrectly set pipetting volume. Therefore, you should make sure that the volume is set correctly.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The pipette tips should also be firmly attached to avoid leaks that would result in volumes deviating from the target value.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Choose_the_Correct_Immersion_Depth\"><\/span>Choose the Correct Immersion Depth<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An incorrect immersion depth of the pipette tip in the liquid to be dispensed can also contribute to erroneous measurement results, because there is a risk that the outside of the pipette tip will be wetted and unknown additional liquid volumes will be carried along. At small volumes, the capillary effect can also become relevant.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/en\/laboratory-equipment\/metering-facilities-and-metering-devices\/pipette-and-accessories\/29951\/pipette-basket-made-of-hdpe\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1979 size-full\" title=\"Pipette Basket made of HDPE for immersion of pipettes into the pipette jar or pipette rinser and for transport\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/pipettenkorb-hdpe.jpg\" alt=\"Pipette Basket made of HDPE for immersion of pipettes into the pipette jar or pipette rinser and for transport\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/pipettenkorb-hdpe.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/pipettenkorb-hdpe-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>In both cases, the target values will be missed. If the tip is not immersed deeply enough, air may be aspirated as well. This will also distort the result. As a rule of thumb, for sample volumes up to 1 \u00b5l an immersion depth of one millimetre is appropriate. For volumes between 1 \u00b5l and 1000 \u00b5l, the immersion depth should be between two and four millimetres, while at even higher volumes up to 10 000 \u00b5l the immersion depth may be up to 6 mm.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Correct_Pipette_Handling_Matters\"><\/span>Correct Pipette Handling Matters<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To pipette accurately, the user must hold the dispensing device properly in the hand and observe the pipetting angle when aspirating and dispensing the liquid. When aspirating samples, it is important to keep the dispensing pipette as vertical as possible. When dispensing the liquid, it should be held at a slight angle, ideally at a constant angle between 20\u00b0 and 45\u00b0.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Correct_Pipetting_with_a_Microlitre_Pipette_Requires_Practice\"><\/span>Correct Pipetting with a Microlitre Pipette Requires Practice<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Modern microlitre pipettes usually have two clearly perceptible pressure points when pressing the pipette&#8217;s push-button, marking the respective piston positions and therefore defining the pipetting volume. This provides options for adapting pipetting to the different fluidities of the liquids to be dispensed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the starting position, the piston is located at the top of the cylinder, held there by spring force, in position 0. Applying finger pressure, which has to overcome the restoring force of the spring, moves the piston into the cylinder. At the first pressure point, it reaches position 1, and at the second, lower pressure point, it reaches position 2. In position 2, the pipette tip is filled to half the nominal volume when finger pressure is released to position 1, and to the full nominal volume when released to position 0. Emptying takes place in the reverse order.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1993\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1993\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1993 size-full\" title=\"Pipette and test tube\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Pipette-und-Reagenzglas.jpg\" alt=\"pipette and test tube\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Pipette-und-Reagenzglas.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Pipette-und-Reagenzglas-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1993\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 zinkevych \/ Fotolia.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In practice, especially for dispensing aqueous solutions, the empty pipette with the preset nominal volume is pressed only to the first pressure point, position 1, so that when the piston is returned to position 0 the pipette tip is only half filled. In the second step, pressing down to the lower pressure point, position 2, effectively blows out the tip to ensure complete emptying. This pipetting routine is known as forward pipetting.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When dispensing liquids with high viscosity or high vapour pressure, reverse pipetting is the method of choice. With viscous liquids in particular, there is a risk that, at the first pressure point, position 1, the preset liquid volume will not be completely taken up by the pipette tip. For this reason, in the first step the piston is pressed down to the lower pressure point, position 2, and then, by releasing it back to position 0, the pipette tip is filled. This ensures that a sufficient volume of liquid is aspirated. In the second step, the push-button is pressed only to the first pressure point, position 1, and the liquid discharged in this step is discarded. In the final step, pressing down to position 2, the lower pressure point, dispenses the correct volume.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1995\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1995\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1995 size-full\" title=\"Pipette\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Pipette.jpg\" alt=\"pipette\" width=\"600\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Pipette.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.rct-online.de\/magazin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Pipette-300x173.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1995\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 Pavel Zelentsov \/ Fotolia.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Practice and a good feel are essential prerequisites for correct pipetting. User-related sources of error can be avoided with electronically controlled pipettes. Despite their higher acquisition costs, they are not only an attractive alternative to manually operated millilitre and microlitre pipettes, but they also help to relieve laboratory staff during routine work.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How a Pipette Works In every laboratory, small liquid volumes frequently need to be measured and dispensed with care. For this purpose, pipettes are used. However, there are a few things to bear in mind when pipetting. In this article we explain how different types of pipettes work and how to pipette correctly. Dispensing Devices &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11500,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,2743],"tags":[3560,2947,3460,2948,3548,3549,3550,3551,3552,3553,2940,3555,3556,3554,2774,3557,3558,3559,3445,3440],"class_list":["post-15198","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-all-articles","category-chemical-plants","tag-dropper-pipettes","tag-hdpe-en","tag-laboratory","tag-ldpe-en","tag-measuring-pipettes","tag-micro","tag-microlitre-pipettes","tag-nr-natural-rubber","tag-pipette-basket","tag-pipette-filler","tag-pipettes","tag-pipetting","tag-pipetting-aids","tag-pipetting-bulb","tag-pp-en","tag-pp-polypropylene","tag-precision-pipettes","tag-transfer-pipette","tag-universal-en","tag-volumetric-pipettes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Proper Pipetting In the Laboratory - 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